- Hujan asam merupakan peristiwa pengendapan asam sulfat atau asam nitrat ke dalam bentuk hujan
- Reaksi antara polutan di atmosfer dengan air hujan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hujan asam
- Selain dapat berdampak buruk bagi ekologi, turunnya hujan asam juga memberikan dampak buruk bagi bangunan
Sobat EBT Heroes, sebagian besar manusia tentu menyukai musim hujan, bukan? Bagaimana tidak? Hujan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi setiap lini kehidupan manusia, bahkan lingkungan sekitar. Namun tahukah kamu? Ada satu jenis hujan yang perlu diwaspadai keberadaannya, yaitu hujan asam.
Hujan asam merupakan ungkapan yang disematkan kepada sebuah peristiwa dimana terjadinya pengendapan atau deposisi asam, yaitu asam sulfat dan asam nitrat ke dalam bentuk hujan.
Sebenarnya, deposisi asam tidak hanya terjadi dalam wujud hujan asam saja. Melainkan bisa dalam wujud lain seperti salju, kabut, dan hujan es. Bahkan jika tidak ada curah hujan, maka deposisi asam akan menampakkan wujudnya ke dalam gas dan debu.
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Tingkat keasaman pada hujan dapat diukur dengan menggunakan skala pH. Jika skala menunjukkan angka 7, maka suatu zat dapat dikatakan netral, contohnya ialah distilled water. Namun semakin rendah pH suatu zat (kurang dari 7), hal itu dapat diindikasikan sebagai zat asam. Sebaliknya, jika pH suatu zat semakin tinggi (lebih dari 7), semakin basa pula zat tersebut.
Hujan normal memiliki pH sekitar 5,6. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat karbon dioksida (CO2) yang larut ke dalamnya dan membentuk asam karbonat lemah. Sementara hujan asam memiliki pH antara 4,2 dan 4,4.
Bagaimana Hujan Asam Dapat Terjadi?
Penyebab terjadinya hujan asam ialah ketika sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan nitrogen dioksida (NO2) dilepaskan ke atmosfer. Partikel tersebut berasal dari kendaraan dan perindustrian atau manufaktur, maupun dari sambaran petir yang menghasilkan nitrogen oksida dan letusan gunung yang menghasilkan oksida belerang.
Kemudian sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida diangkut oleh angin dan arus udara. SO2 dan NO2 bereaksi dengan air, oksigen dan bahan kimia lainnya membentuk asam sulfat dan asam nitrat.
Bercampurnya asam sulfat (H2SO4) dan asam nitrat (HNO3) ke dalam air hujan, akhirnya menciptakan reaksi asam atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah hujan asam. Reaksi yang terbentuk dari pencampuran asam sulfat dan asam nitrat dapat dilihat sebagai berikut:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2 O (l) → 2H2 SO4 (aq)
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2 O (l) → 4HNO3 (aq)
Dampak Apa Saja yang Ditimbulkan Oleh Hujan Asam?
Hujan pada umumnya dapat menjadi sumber air bersih, bermanfaat bagi lahan pertanian, industri, sampai untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik. Namun hal ini tidak berlaku bagi hujan asam. Alih-alih mendapatkan manfaat, air hujan asam justru mendatangkan banyak dampak negatif. Berikut beberapa dampak buruk hujan asam dalam berbagai lini:
1) Dampak Terhadap Bangunan
Hujan asam dapat merusak bangunan dan patung dengan mengikis material dan menimbulkan korosi pada logam yang menyusun struktur tersebut. Arsitek memilih batu kapur, marmer, baja dan kuningan sebagai bahan tahan lama yang dimaksudkan untuk menahan unsur-unsur tersebut. Namun yang mengejutkan mereka, reaksi kimia antara hujan asam dan bahan bangunan menyebabkan kerusakan yang nyata seiring berjalannya waktu.
Hujan asam dapat merusak bangunan dan jembatan, lebih tepatnya pada bagian logam yang terkena hujan dan kabut. Hujan asam tidak hanya melarutkan kalsium dalam batu secara agresif, tetapi juga menimbulkan korosi pada jenis logam tertentu. Logam yang rentan antara lain perunggu, tembaga, nikel, seng, dan jenis baja tertentu.
2) Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan Hutan
Hujan asam sangat berbahaya bagi kelangsungan hidup di kawasan hutan. Saat hujan, sebagian air meresap ke dalam tanah hutan. Bila curah hujan itu sendiri bersifat asam, maka dapat menyebabkan keasaman tanah meningkat. Beberapa tanah memiliki kapasitas penyangga alami, yang berarti tanah menetralkan keasaman dalam tanah. Tanah ini secara alami bersifat basa, namun kemampuan penyangganya dapat rusak karena seringnya pengendapan asam.
Ketika kehidupan tumbuhan tidak dapat ditopang, kehidupan hewan juga akan menderita karena hilangnya habitat atau sumber makanan. Keanekaragaman hayati mungkin menurun, yang berarti jumlah lingkungan berbeda serta jumlah spesies yang hidup di lingkungan tersebut bisa hilang. Spesies dalam habitat tertentu bergantung satu sama lain. Hujan asam dapat membunuh tanaman dan produsen lain yang berada di dasar rantai makanan, sehingga dapat menimbulkan efek reaksi berantai hingga predator puncak.
3) Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan Akuatik
Ketika hujan asam turun dan mengalir ke perairan, hal itu akan mempengaruhi ekosistem perairan. Ini tentu mengubah komposisi kimia air menjadi bentuk yang justru merugikan ekosistem perairan untuk bertahan hidup, dan menyebabkan pencemaran air. Sehubungan dengan meningkatnya keasaman di lingkungan perairan, aluminium dapat merusak insang ikan dan mengganggu pernapasan. Bahkan organisme lain juga terkena dampak negatifnya, sehingga perairan yang diasamkan kehilangan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dan hewan secara keseluruhan. Dampak ini dapat berdampak pada seluruh rantai makanan
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Lalu Apa yang Harus Dilakukan Guna Mencegah Terjadinya Hujan Asam?
Solusi terhadap masalah pengasaman lingkungan ada di tangan kita. Untuk mengurangi hujan asam, pengurangan emisi polutan sangatlah penting. Beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan guna mencegah terjadinya hujan asam:
- Mendorong produksi dan penggunaan energi terbarukan dibandingkan bahan bakar fosil.
- Menyaring dan mendetoksifikasi air yang digunakan oleh pabrik sebelum dikembalikan ke sungai.
- Mengurangi konsumsi energi pabrik dan perusahaan.
- Mempromosikan inovasi dan teknologi baru yang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan konsumsi energi dan mengembangkan energi terbarukan.
- Menanam pohon untuk menyerap udara yang tercemar.
- Menyadarkan masyarakat akan pentingnya mengurangi konsumsi energi rumah tangga.
- Mendorong penggunaan kendaraan listrik dan kendaraan lain yang tidak menimbulkan polusi, seperti sepeda.
Sobat EBT Heroes pasti sudah membaca penjelasan lengkap mengenai deskripsi hujan asam, penyebab terjadinya hujan asam, dampak yang ditimbulkan, serta pencegahan yang dapat kita lakukan. Oleh karena itu, marilah kita memulai untuk melakukan pencegahan tersebut. Karena kalau bukan kita, siapa lagi? Kalau bukan sekarang, kapan lagi?
#zonaebt #serbaterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor : Ansanul Hamdi
Referensi:
Mengetahui Lebih Dalam Mengenai Hujan Asam
Penyebab Hujan Asam dan Dampaknya bagi Kesehatan
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