Indonesia Bangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut di NTT

Ilustrasi PLTAL Dibawah Jembatan Pancasila Palmerah. Sumber Clapeyron
  • Potensi Energi Yang Terkandung Di Laut Indonesia
  • Bagaimana Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut itu Bekerja?
  • Pembangunan PLTAL di Nusa Tenggara Timur

Indonesia, negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, dianugerahi dengan kekayaan maritim yang luar biasa. Dua pertiga wilayahnya adalah lautan, menjadikannya negara dengan garis pantai terpanjang kedua setelah Kanada. Potensi energi alternatif dari lautnya pun tak kalah mencengangkan.

Berbagai jenis energi laut seperti pasang surut, gelombang, arus, dan panas laut siap untuk dikonversi menjadi energi listrik yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Kekayaan maritim ini menjadi peluang besar bagi Indonesia dan dengan pengembangan teknologi dan infrastruktur yang tepat, energi laut dapat menjadi sumber energi yang penting dan berkelanjutan untuk masa depan Indonesia.

Potensi Energi yang Terkandung di Laut Indonesia

Ilustrasi Laut Indonesia. Sumber: detik.com

Berdasarkan studi yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM), potensi energi arus laut di Indonesia mencapai 43 GW. Potensi ini setara dengan sekitar 20% dari total konsumsi energi nasional pada tahun 2022.

Kecepatan arus pasang-surut di pantai-pantai perairan Indonesia umumnya kurang dari 1,5 m/detik, kecuali di selat-selat diantara pulau-pulau Bali, Lombok, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur, kecepatannya bisa mencapai 2,5 – 3,4 m/detik.

Arus pasang-surut terkuat yang tercatat di Indonesia adalah di Selat antara Pulau Taliabu dan Pulau Mangole di Kepulauan Sula, Propinsi Maluku Utara, dengan kecepatan 5,0 m/detik. Pada dasarnya, arus laut merupakan gerakan horizontal massa air laut, sehingga arus laut memiliki energi kinetik yang dapat digunakan sebagai tenaga penggerak rotor atau turbin pembangkit listrik.

Secara global laut mempunyai sumber energi yang sangat besar yaitu mencapai 2,8 x 1014 (280 Triliun) Watt-jam. Selain itu, arus laut ini juga menarik untuk dikembangkan sebagai pembangkit listrik karena sifatnya yang relatif stabil dan dapat diprediksi karakteristiknya.

Baca Juga



Bagaimana Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut itu Bekerja?

Ilustrasi PLTAL Yang ada Di Bawah Laut. Sumber: antaranews.com

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut (PLTAL) memanfaatkan energi kinetik dari arus laut untuk menghasilkan listrik. Cara kerjanya mirip dengan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB), di mana turbin angin digantikan dengan turbin bawah laut. Arus laut yang mengalir melewati turbin bawah laut menyebabkan baling-baling turbin berputar. Putaran ini kemudian diteruskan ke generator listrik untuk menghasilkan arus listrik.

Ada beberapa jenis turbin bawah laut yang digunakan dalam PLTAL, yaitu :

  • Turbin Sumbu Vertikal (Vertical Axis Turbine – VAT): Turbin ini berbentuk seperti silinder atau kerucut dan dipasang vertikal di dasar laut.
  • Turbin Sumbu Horizontal (Horizontal Axis Turbine – HAT): Turbin ini berbentuk seperti baling-baling pesawat dan dipasang horizontal di dasar laut.
  • Turbin Savonius: Turbin ini berbentuk seperti huruf “S” dan memiliki desain yang sederhana dan mudah dibuat.

Efisiensi PLTAL tergantung pada beberapa faktor, seperti kecepatan arus laut, jenis turbin yang digunakan, dan desain keseluruhan pembangkit listrik.

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Pembangunan PLTAL Di Nusa Tenggara Timur

Ilustrasi Jembatan Palmerah. Sumber: Koran Timor

Deputy I KSP RI, Febry Calvin Tetelepta, memimpin rapat di Ruang Rapat Utama Gedung Bina Graha KSP untuk membahas rencana pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut (PLTAL) serta pembangunan Jembatan Pancasila Palmerah di Larantuka Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT).

Latief Gau dari PT. Tidal Bridge menjelaskan potensi energi arus laut yang besar di seluruh dunia dan di Indonesia, serta teknologi yang digunakan dalam proyek ini. BPPT (sekarang BRIN) mencatat bahwa potensi arus laut di Selat Larantuka bisa menghasilkan 300 MW.

Untuk tahap awal, PT. Tidal Bridge akan membangun power plant dengan kapasitas 40 MW yang dapat dikembangkan sesuai kebutuhan. Total biaya pembangunan jembatan dan PLTAL ini diperkirakan $ US 225 Juta  (3 triliun) , seluruhnya didukung oleh pinjaman lunak dari Bank Pembangunan Belanda (FMO) dengan durasi pinjaman selama 20 tahun.

Dan jika sudah dilakukan FEED (Front End Engeneering and Desaign), maka FMO akan memberikan hibah sebesar 35% dari total pembiayaan. Artinya sisa pinjaman lunak menjadi lebih kecil yakni 65%. Sementara usia jembatan tersebut di desain untuk 50 tahun ke depan.

Dengan demikian pembiayaan pembangunan jembatan dan PLTAL nya, pemerintah Indonesia tidak mengeluarkan biaya sama sekali, karena jembatan dan power plantnya akan”membiayai dirinya sendiri “dengan revenew dari hasil penjualan listriknya yang di manfaatkan oleh PLN.

Dia menejalaskan berdasarkan AMDAL dan ESIA telah dilakukan dan menyatakan bahwa proyek ini layak dari segi lingkungan. Selain itu ada pun dukungan dari Kementerian ESDM dan PT. PLN terhadap proyek ini.

Turbin screw adalah pilihan turbin yang ramah lingkungan dengan diameter sekitar 8 meter, sehingga memenuhi standar Green Peace agar keberadaan turbin ini tidak mengganggu atau merusak blota laut termasuk ikan-ikan yang ada di selat tersebut.

Teknologi yang digunakan adalah memasang turbin dengan digantung di badan jembatan dengan model seperti “laci meja” yang untuk pemeliharannya bisa dimasukkan dan di keluarkan dari bawah kolong jembatan.

Kesimpulan :

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Arus Laut merupakan suatu energi baru yang belum banyak negara mengaplikasikannya dikarenakan terdapat negara yang tidak memiliki lautan. Sedangkan indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dimana banyak sekali potensi energi laut yang dapat dimanfaatkan.

Oleh karena itu, kita makin tahu indonesia adalah salah satu negara dengan potensi yang besar dalam energi arus laut tersebut dan diharapkan dapat memeanfaatkan dengan maksismal demi menuju NZE 2060.

#ZonaEBT #SebarTerbarukan #EBTHeroes

Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat

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