Potensi Bendungan Sebagai Salah Satu Langkah Menuju EBT

Ilustrasi Bendungan. Sumber: schmu.id
  • Peran Bendungan Dari Mulai Irigasi Hingga Sumber EBT
  • Kolaborasi PLTA dan PLTS, Potensi Bendungan Bagi EBT
  • Bendungan Cirata, Bendungan Terbesar di Indonesia
  • Dampak Negatif Dari Pembangunan Bendungan

Indonesia, negara beriklim tropis dengan curah hujan tinggi, memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan air hujan sebagai sumber energi baru terbarukan (EBT). Salah satu caranya adalah dengan membangun bendungan. Bendungan tidak hanya berfungsi untuk menampung air hujan dan mencegah banjir, tetapi juga dapat menjadi sumber energi terbarukan melalui Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA).

Peran Bendungan dari Mulai Irigasi Hingga Sumber EBT

Ilustrasi Bendungan Irigasi. Sumber: detik.com

Presiden Indonesia berupaya mengadakan swasembada pangan dengan salah satunya membangun bendungan-bendungan sebagai sarana irigasi. Namun ternyata, fungsi dan peran bendungan di Indonesia tidak hanya sebagai sumber irigasi persawahan.

Masih banyak fungsi bendungan misalnya budi daya ikan, pariwisata, sumber air bersih, pembangkit listrik tenaga air (PLTA), bahkan bisa digunakan sebagai pembangkit listrik tenaga surya (PLTS) terapung seperti di waduk Cirata, Jawa Barat.

Hal ini penting dilakukan mengingat perubahan iklim yang mulai terjadi atau yang sekarang mulai dikenal dengan krisis iklim. Krisis iklim disebabkan oleh emisi gas rumah, kaca seperti karbon dioksida dan metana, dan berkurangnya penyerap alami karbon dioksida seperti deforestasi.

Akibat dari krisis iklim ini antara lain, meningkatnya suhu udara, mencairnya es di kutub, dan naiknya permukaan air laut. Hal-hal ini mulai bisa diamati dan dirasakan. Suhu di beberapa kota di Indonesia mulai terasa panas, banyak pulau di Indonesia yang mulai tenggelam, dan perubahan musim yang tidak menentu. Hal-hal tersebut tentu mengancam keberadaan Indonesia mengingat Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dan bergantung pada beras sebagai makanan pokok.

Baca Juga



Kolaborasi PLTA dan PLTS, Potensi Bendungan Bagi EBT

PLTA Dan PLTS Pada Satu Lingkup Bendungan. Sumber: CNBC Indonesia

Bendungan umumnya diketahui masyarakat sebagai penampung air bersih atau air hujan guna mencegah banjir. Bendungan juga biasanya digunakan masyarakat sebagai tempat budi daya ikan dan sumber irigasi persawahan mereka.

Namun, bendungan atau waduk juga memiliki peran penting dalam penghasilan sumber energi listrik bagi negara. Sebuah bendungan atau waduk dapat dipasang turbin yang menghasilkan listrik atau disebut PLTA.

Kemampuan dari PLTA untuk menghasilkan listrik bermacam-macam, tergantung dari besar waduk dan banyak turbin terpasang. Seperti kata Hermanto Dardak, Kepala Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, Indonesia sebenarnya memiliki potensi energi listrik sekitar 75.000 megawatt dari air, namun kenyataannya sekarang baru digunakan sekitar 5.000 megawatt atau sekitar 7 persen.

Selain itu, sebuah PLTA atau bendungan yang memenuhi syarat dapat digunakan sebagai PLTS terapung. Area genangan bendungan juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai lahan untuk pembangunan PLTS terapung. Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri PUPR Nomor 7 Tahun 2023 tentang Bendungan, dalam hal pemanfaatan ruang pada daerah genangan waduk untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga surya terapung melebihi 20 persen dari luas permukaan genangan waduk pada muka air normal, kajian teknis harus mendapatkan rekomendasi dari Komisi Keamanan Bendungan.

Ada banyak keuntungan dari PLTS terapung ini antara lain, efisien tempat karena pengolahan listrik PLTS dapat satu lokasi, efisien panel surya lebih bagus karena suhu pada waduk dapat mendinginkan panel sehingga dapat bekerja lebih efisien.

Contoh dari penerapan PLTS terapung yaitu pada PLTS terapung Cirata yang merupakan nomor satu terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Alasan-alasan tersebut juga merupakan sebab perlu dikembangkannya bendungan di Indonesia.

Bendungan Cirata, Bendungan Terbesar Se-Asia Tenggara

Waduk Cirata Yang Terletak Di Purwakarta. Sumber: Good News From Indonesia

Pembangkit listrik Cirata memanfaatkan aliran sungai Citarum melalui bendungan. Air yang telah dibendung itu kemudian menuju terowongan sepanjang 640 meter yang berada di dalam tanah dan mampu menggerakan turbin di delapan unit yang dimiliki PLTA Cirata. Setelah melewati terowongan, air menuju penstock dengan kemiringan 60 derajat yang meningkatkan tekanan dan kecepatan.

Air kemudian masuk dan memutar turbin hingga kecepatan putaran 187,5 rpm. Turbin itu terhubung dengan generator yang memproduksi listrik bertegangan 16,5 kilo volt (kV). Listrik itu lalu disalurkan ke main transformer untuk menaikkan tegangan dari 16,5 kV menjadi 500 kV. Selanjutnya listrik ditransmisikan ke sistem interkoneksi Jawa, Madura dan Bali.

Semua aktifitas tersebut mampu memghasilkan daya listrik hingga mencapai 1.428 Giga Watt Hour (GWH) per tahun ayau setsra dengan penggunaan 428 ton bahan bakar minyak untuk unit pembangkit thermal. Priyono, Manager Keuangan UP Cirata, mengatakan fungsi dari PLTA Cirata vital sebagai fasilitas cadangan untuk memperkuat sistem Jawa-Bali apabila terjadi gangguan pasokan listrik.

“Pada saat sistem Jawa-Bali ada trip (gangguan) maka Cirata bisa memasok listrik cepat sekitar 5-6 menit karena punya line charging,” kata Priyono. Pembangkit yang beroperasi sejak 1988 ini, memiliki waduk dengan luas genangan mencapai 6200 hektar.

Luasan genangan itu berada di 3 kabupaten yakni Bandung Barat38%, Purwakarta 21%, dan Cianjur 41%. Aliran Sungai Citarum bukan hanya untuk pembangkit listrik. Namun juga memasok air bersih untuk konsumsi Jakarta, irigasi Karawang, Subang, Indramayu, dan Purwakarta mencapai 420 hektar.

Baca Juga



Dampak Negatif dari Pembangunan Bendungan

Ilustrasi Pencemaran Air Akibat Pembangunan Bendungan. Sumber: Bisnis.com

Dari begitu banyak manfaat dari bendungan tidak begitu saja ada tanpa dampak negatif. Ada dampak negatif atau kekurangan yang ditimbulkan baik dalam masa pembangunan atau pengoperasian bendungan terhadap lingkungan.

Dampak negatif dalam masa pembangunan antara lain, tercemarnya air di sekitar lokasi pembangunan oleh sedimen dan zat kimia, polusi dari zat padat pembangunan, dan polusi gas buang mesin pembangunan.

Terdapat juga dampak sosial, ekonomi, bahkan budaya dari upaya pembukaan bendungan. Selain itu pada masa pengoperasian ada potensi seperti kerusakan bendungan, gas metana yang dihasilkan bendungan lebih buruk dari gas karbon dioksida karena gas metana menyebabkan pemanasan global dan berkontribusi pada krisis iklim. Hal ini tentu buruk dan perlu untuk dipikirkan solusinya dalam pembangunan bendungan.

Pembangunan bendungan sebenarnya tidak salah dan patut untuk di teruskan dikarenakan Indonesia harus gencar untuk mulai melakukan transisi dari sumber energi yang tidak dapat di perbarui. Walaupun pembangunan bendungan bisa saja merusak ekosistem hutan, mencemari lingkungan dan terlebih pada masyarakat disekitar proyek tersebut, tetapi itu semua masih dapat di cegah dan di lakukan perbaikan dengan cara yang baik dan benar.

Oleh karena itu, kita makin tahu Indonesia saat ini sedang gencar dalam melakukan perubahan walaupun terdapat beberapa dampak negatifnya yang harus di imbangi dengan solusinya.

#ZonaEBT #EBTHeroes #SebarTerbarukan

Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat

Referensi

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