- Proyek pengembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi hampir selalu dikaitkan dengan penyebab gempa bumi dan dapat merusak pemukiman di sekitar wilayah kerja panas bumi
- Tidak semua gempa bumi dapat menimbulkan kerusakan besar.
- Gempa bumi yang timbul akibat aktivitas pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi merupakan jenis gempa bumi mikro yang tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.
Di tengah upaya peningkatan penggunaan energi yang lebih ramah lingkungan, penolakan pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTPB) justru cukup sering datang dari masyarakat sekitar wilayah kerja panas bumi.
Mereka khawatir keberadaan proyek panas bumi tersebut hanya akan memunculkan efek negatif bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan tempat tinggal mereka. Salah satunya termasuk ancaman gempa bumi.
Panas bumi dan gempa bumi telah lama menjadi bahan penelitian dan perdebatan dalam bidang geologi dan ilmu bumi. Meskipun keduanya merupakan fenomena geologis yang terjadi secara terpisah, masih banyak pertanyaan muncul apakah ada keterkaitan antara keduanya.
Jenis-jenis Gempa Berdasarkan Skala Magnitudo
Gempa bumi adalah getaran yang terjadi di permukaan bumi akibat pelepasan energi yang terjadi di dalam kerak bumi. Ada beberapa jenis gempa bumi yang dapat terjadi, seperti gempa tektonik yang disebabkan oleh pergerakan lempeng tektonik, gempa vulkanik yang terjadi akibat aktivitas gunung berapi, dan gempa intraplate yang terjadi di dalam lempeng tektonik.
Setiap jenis gempa memiliki sumber dan karakteristik yang berbeda, serta skala magnitudo yang beragam. Berikut adalah beberapa jenis gempa bumi berdasarkan skala magnitudo :
1. Gempa Ultra Mikro (< 2.0): Gempa dengan magnitudo kecil ini sering kali tidak terasa di permukaan, gempa ini biasanya tidak menimbulkan kerusakan.
2. Gempa Mikro (2.0 – 3.0): Gempa dengan magnitudo ini tidak terasa di permukaan. Namun dapat tercatat di seismograf.
3. Gempa Kecil (3.0 – 4.0): Gempa dengan magnitudo kecil ini biasanya akan terasa sedikit di permukaan, tetapi tidak menimbulkan kerusakan.
4. Gempa Sedang (4.0 – 5.0): Gempa dengan magnitudo sedang ini dapat menyebabkan kerusakan kecil seperti kaca retak, pintu rusak, dan benda-benda berbobot ringan lainnya.
5. Gempa Merusak (5.0 – 6.0): Pada gempa bumi dengan kekuatan yang merusak ini, kerusakan mulai terjadi pada bangunan yang rapuh. Contohnya: bangunan yang miring, kaca yang pecah, serta dinding yang terbelah.
6. Gempa Besar (7.0 – 8.0): Gempa bumi ini umumnya telah mengakibatkan kerusakan yang signifikan dan bahkan dapat memicu bencana alam tambahan, seperti longsor tanah.
7. Gempa Sangat Besar (>8.0): Pada magnitudo ini, gempa bumi sering kali akan menghasilkan tsunami dan menyebabkan kerusakan yang lebih meluas.
Baca Juga
- Banyak Ditolak Warga, Apa Solusi Agar Energi Panas Bumi Bisa Terus Maju?
- District Heating: Sistem Penghangat Alami dari Panas Bumi
Kaitan Panas Bumi dengan Terjadinya Gempa
Pada tahun 2017 dan 2021, tercatat adanya gempa bumi di Korea Selatan dan Perancis yang mana menurut artikel news stanford dan Dw disebabkan oleh aktivitas pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi.
Ahli seismograf dari California University, E. L. Majer, menulis pada publikasi ilmiahnya yang berjudul The Impact of Injection on Seismicity at The Geysers, California Geothermal Field, ada beberapa mekanisme utama penyebab terjadinya gempa dari sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi, antara lain:
1. Peningkatan tekanan pori
Peningkatan tekanan pori disebabkan oleh penyuntikan air dingin ke dalam sumur injeksi. Hal ini mengakibatkan pembentukan retakan pada batuan, yang kemudian memicu terjadinya sesar dan aktivitas seismik.
2. Regangan termoelastik
Injeksi air dingin ke dalam sumur menyebabkan perubahan suhu, mengakibatkan terjadinya ekspansi atau kontraksi yang memicu pembentukan atau memperluas retakan yang sudah ada, atau bahkan yang baru terbentuk, dan fenomena ini menjadi pemicu terjadinya patahan atau aktivitas seismik.
3. Pergerakan fluida pada rekahan
Injeksi fluida dapat mengubah struktur batuan dengan pengisian retakan yang kosong oleh mineral. Injeksi fluida akan menghasilkan alterasi pada dinding batuan. Alterasi yang terbentuk berupa pengisian bidang rekahan oleh mineral.
Alterasi ini Ini menyebabkan perbedaan koefisien gesekan antara permukaan batuan awal dan setelah pengendapan mineral, yang memengaruhi tingkat seismicity. Semakin tinggi koefisien gesekan, semakin besar seismicity-nya.
4. Proses injeki dan produksi
Perubahan volume dalam lapisan reservoir terjadi karena pengambilan panas bumi atau penyuntikan air dingin. Hal ini menghasilkan redistribusi tekanan dalam lapisan reservoir, yang memicu terbentuknya sesar pada retakan yang sudah ada, terutama saat retakan tersebut mencapai nilai kritis atau mendekati pergerakan.
Nah, Mekanisme diatas memang sering menyebabkan getaran pada permukaan bumi, namun skala yang dimunculkan hanya skala mikro yang tidak menimbulkan kerusakan besar pada pemukiman di sekitar wilayah kerja panas bumi.
Walaupun aktivitas seismik terkait dengan proyek pengembangan energi panas bumi hanya menimbulkan gempa bumi mikro, adapun tindakan mitigasi yang dapat diambil sebagai berikut:
1. Berupaya menganalisis atau mengidentifikasi wilayah yang rentan terhadap kerusakan akibat aktivitas seismik meskipun berskala kecil.
2. Melakukan inovasi lebih lanjut atau meningkatkan lagi produk teknologi yang digunakan untuk proses produksi dan injeksi.
3. Memonitoring kondisi di lapangan setiap setelah proses produksi dan injeksi
4. Menyusun prosedur operasional standar atau protokol untuk menghadapi situasi-situasi yang tidak diinginkan, sehingga kita memiliki panduan yang jelas untuk mencegah terjadinya korban.
Baca Juga
De-Risking dalam Eksplorasi Kegiatan Panas Bumi
Dikutip dari laman cnbcindonesia, langkah wajib yang perlu dilakukan pemerintah untuk mencegah terjadinya efek negatif proyek geothermal yaitu melakukan survei pendahuluan dan eksplorasi wilayah kerja panas bumi terlebih dahulu.Tujuan kegiatan tersebut untuk memperoleh data dan informasi yang akurat mengenai potensi panas bumi di suatu wilayah.
Selain itu, pemerintah perlu melakukan langkah tegas berupa kerjasama dengan pihak atau mitra yang berkaitan dengan proyek geothermal. Sebagai contoh, Indonesia melalui Kementerian Keuangan dan ESDM telah menyediakan dukungan APBN untuk membiayai kegiatan eksplorasi panas bumi melalui program Government Drilling.
Program yang dikelola PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur (SMI) (Persero) tersebut memfasilitasi skema de-risking atau berbagi risiko (risk sharing), sehingga pengembang tidak sepenuhnya menanggung risiko dan biaya eksplorasi jika terjadi kegagalan eksplorasi.
Panas bumi dianggap sebagai sumber energi yang penting bagi masa depan Indonesia. Potensinya sangat besar dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan untuk memperkuat komposisi Energi Baru Terbarukan (EBT) yang menjadi bagian utama dalam energi bersih.
Peranan kebijakan de-risking, tindakan mitigasi dan penjaminan sangat penting dalam memajukan pengembangan panas bumi untuk mendorong investasi di sektor tersebut. Karena itu, peningkatan kualitas institusi yang bertanggung jawab atas kebijakan de-risking, mitigasi dan penjaminan memiliki kepentingan strategis dalam mengembangkan potensi panas bumi serta ketahanan energi nasional di masa yang akan datang.
#ZonaEBT #SebarTerbarukan #EBTHeroes
Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat
Referensi:
[2] Geothermal Bisa Menyebabkan Gempa, Apa Benar?
[3] Kebijakan De-Risking & Peran Penjaminan dalam Pengembangan Panas Bumi
[4] Kategori Gempa Berdasarkan Besarnya Magnitude dan Kerusakan yang Ditimbulkan
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