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Industri Angin: Hadapi Kendala Biaya yang Besar

An electrical engineer working for the energy industry. Sumber: istockphoto.com
  • Beberapa pengembang tenaga angin harus menunda atau membatalkan proyek-proyek baru karena harga yang meroket.
  • Hal ini bertepatan dengan kebutuhan akan kapasitas tenaga angin yang harus ditingkatkan dengan cepat untuk membantu pembersihan sistem energi.
  • Untuk mengatasi tantangan pendanaan, regulasi, dan perizinan, pemerintah dan pemimpin perusahaan perlu berkolaborasi, menurut laporan Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 dari World Economic Forum.

Industri tenaga angin sedang menghadapi masalah dalam skala dunia karena hambatan ekonomi telah membuat beberapa proyek hampir terhenti.

Menurut The Wall Street Journal, setidaknya sepuluh proyek angin lepas pantai di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa mengalami penundaan, sehingga investasi senilai $30 miliar tertunda.

Para pengembang proyek angin darat dan lepas pantai sedang berhadapan dengan biaya yang terus meningkat, tetapi sebagian besar masalah industri saat ini mempengaruhi investasi lepas pantai.

Jadi, apa sebenarnya yang sedang terjadi, mengapa hal ini penting, dan apa lagi yang perlu dilakukan untuk melindungi komponen penting dari transisi energi global ini dan mempertahankan putaran turbin di masa depan?

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Mengapa Masalah ini Terjadi?

A beautifully lit scene with sunbeams on an offshore wind farm turbine. Sumber: istockphoto.com

Para pengembang proyek tenaga angin menghadapi badai kenaikan harga, gangguan rantai pasokan, suku bunga pinjaman yang tinggi, serta waktu tunggu perizinan dan koneksi jaringan yang berlarut-larut.

Potensi ladang angin baru yang menghasilkan energi bersih yang murah dan berlimpah serta harga proyek yang terus menurun telah menarik minat investor ke industri angin dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Namun, sebelum invasi Rusia ke Ukraina, yang mengguncang pasar energi dan menyebabkan tekanan inflasi yang sangat mempengaruhi sebagian besar ekonomi global, membebani rantai pasokan proyek dan menaikkan biaya tenaga kerja dan bahan baku.

Selain gangguan ini, pembuat turbin berada di bawah tekanan yang meningkat untuk membuat bilah rotor yang lebih besar karena perlombaan industri angin untuk mencapai skala yang lebih besar. Menurut Badan Energi Internasional, biaya tenaga angin telah menurun sebesar 60% dalam sepuluh tahun menjelang tahun 2021 berkat bilah turbin yang lebih besar yang menangkap lebih banyak energi.

Akan tetapi, turbin modern membutuhkan kapal dan infrastruktur khusus untuk mengangkut dan memasangnya karena tiangnya bisa mencapai setinggi Patung Liberty dan baling-balingnya bisa sepanjang lapangan sepak bola.

Berinvestasi pada kendaraan baru yang dapat menangani turbin terbaru membawa risiko bagi produsen kapal bahwa mereka akan cepat ketinggalan zaman ketika turbin yang lebih besar masuk ke pasar. Karena kebutuhan akan pelabuhan yang lebih besar, dermaga yang diperkuat untuk mendukung bobot tambahan dari turbin skala besar, dan masalah logistik baru lainnya, area lain dalam rantai pasokan juga berada di bawah tekanan.

Banyak pengembang pembangkit listrik tenaga angin menandatangani kontrak jangka panjang untuk menjual listrik dengan harga tetap yang rendah ketika biaya proyek lebih kecil. Harga listrik ini tidak lagi realistis karena meningkatnya biaya.

Beberapa proyek angin lepas pantai ditunda atau dibatalkan karena harga yang terlalu tinggi. Menurut perusahaan Swedia, Vattenfall, kelangsungan pengembangan 140 turbin angin lepas pantai yang diusulkan di Laut Utara tidak dapat dipertahankan karena kenaikan biaya konstruksi hingga 40% tahun ini.

Tiga proyek angin dengan kapasitas yang cukup untuk memberi daya pada sekitar dua juta rumah sedang dikembangkan di lepas pantai New York oleh perusahaan multinasional Inggris, BP, dan perusahaan energi Norwegia, Equinor. Namun demikian, kedua perusahaan ini memperingatkan bahwa proyek-proyek ini mungkin tidak akan mendapatkan pendanaan yang cukup jika mereka tidak dapat menegosiasikan ulang perjanjian harga listrik mereka.

Mengapa Penekanan Biaya dalam Industri Angin itu Penting?

Wind turbines tower above the earth in a rural setting. Sumber: istockphoto.com

Peningkatan produksi energi terbarukan yang diantisipasi terutama berasal dari tenaga angin. Peta Jalan Net Zero pada tahun 2050 dari Badan Energi Internasional menyatakan bahwa pada akhir dekade ini, investasi dalam energi terbarukan harus meningkat tiga kali lipat dan pada tahun 2050, 90% pasokan listrik dunia harus berasal dari sumber terbarukan. Sebagian besar pertumbuhan sumber energi terbarukan yang diantisipasi berasal dari tenaga angin.

Dalam dekade ini, instalasi kapasitas tenaga angin harus meningkat lima kali lipat untuk membantu komunitas global dalam menjaga kenaikan suhu hingga 1,5°C di atas tingkat pra-industri.

Namun, kapasitas angin baru yang diperkirakan akan kurang dari itu dan hanya mencapai 68% dari jumlah yang dibutuhkan berdasarkan tingkat pertumbuhan saat ini.

Penundaan proyek dapat menghambat keterjangkauan dan keberlanjutan energi, dua komponen dari “triangle energy” yang dijelaskan dalam studi Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 oleh World Economic Forum, dan mendorong kita semakin jauh dari mencapai tujuan kita. Komponen-komponen yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan transisi energi ditunjukkan oleh segitiga energi, yang ditampilkan di bawah ini.

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Apa Solusinya?

Offshore wind turbine farm at sunset. Sumber: istockphoto.com

Tidak ada solusi yang mudah untuk masalah serumit ini. Menurut Rebecca Williams, Kepala Angin Lepas Pantai di asosiasi perdagangan Global Wind Energy Council, “pengembang angin lepas pantai tidak akan berinvestasi jika keekonomian proyek tidak berjalan.” Williams mengatakan hal ini kepada Financial Times.

Untuk membantu mengatasi bencana iklim, masih sangat penting untuk berinvestasi dalam memperluas sumber energi terbarukan, bahkan ketika biaya tenaga angin meningkat hingga mencapai titik di mana beberapa proyek menjadi tidak layak.

Jelaslah bahwa baik pemerintah maupun perusahaan tidak dapat berhasil sendirian; sebaliknya, para pemangku kepentingan industri dan perusahaan harus berkolaborasi untuk bertukar ide dan menerapkan perubahan sistemik.

Kemitraan dan kebijakan akan menjadi sangat penting dalam membentuk transisi energi yang seimbang, menurut laporan Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 dari Forum. Hal ini dapat memungkinkan untuk menemukan solusi untuk masalah seperti kesulitan regulasi dan perizinan, yang keduanya diperlukan namun dapat mengakibatkan waktu tunggu yang lama bagi para pembuat proyek. Bagaimana peralihan ke energi berkelanjutan dibantu oleh Forum Ekonomi Dunia?

Untuk tumbuh pada tingkat dan skala yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi target iklim, industri angin juga harus menghasilkan solusi kreatif. Kolaborasi antara sektor publik dan komersial hanya akan membantu dalam hal ini.

Terletak sekitar 100 kilometer di lepas pantai Denmark, Pulau Energi Laut Utara adalah ilustrasi utama dari kemitraan publik-swasta ini. Pengembang angin lepas pantai terkemuka Ørsted membangun pulau buatan dengan banyak mitra untuk bertindak sebagai pusat energi di antara sepuluh turbin angin lepas pantai. Negara-negara tetangga akan menerima listrik yang dihasilkan.

Pada awal tahun 2030-an, pulau-pulau energi lainnya yang direncanakan untuk Laut Utara dan Laut Baltik akan mulai beroperasi.

Usaha kerja sama semacam ini mendistribusikan biaya dan risiko sambil memungkinkan para peserta untuk bertukar praktik terbaik dan keahlian untuk mempercepat pemasangan kapasitas listrik bersih.

Itulah masalah yang dihadapi industri angin belakangan ini serta cara menganganinya.

#zonaebt #serbaterbarukan #ebtheroes

Editor: Nur Wasilatus Sholeha

Referensi:

[1] Wind Sector Faces Major Cost Inflation Pressure

[2] The wind power industry is facing major cost headwinds. What’s going on (and what can be done)?

[3] Inflation, interest rates and whales: Why offshore wind projects are on the rocks

[4] Wind Energy Giant Orsted Says Delays in U.S. May Cost $2 Billion

[5] US offshore wind sector faces key test after weak Gulf auction

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