Pada kondisi transformasi energi saat ini, tak henti-hentinya kita menyuarakan dan mendorong rancangan pemerintah terkait target bauran energi terbarukan sebesar 23% pada tahun 2025. Upaya strategis selalu dilakukan mengingat luasnya potensi pemanfaatan energi terbarukan dari berbagai sektor.
Menteri ESDM Arifin Tasrif mengatakan potensi energi terbarukan di Indonesia terbilang masih cukup besar. Namun kontribusi EBT dalam bauran energi nasional masih belum termanfaatkan secara optimal. Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Mikro Hidro menjadi salah satu alternatif serta upaya dengan harga murah dan ramah lingkungan. Energi Baru Terbarukan yang berasal dari tenaga air ini merupakan salah satu pembangkit yang memiliki potensi besar karena Indonesia memiliki banyak sungai dan pegunungan yang dapat dimanfaatkan.
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Dalam perjanjian Paris (Paris Agreement), target pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca di Indonesia yakni 29% dengan usaha sendiri dan 41% dengan dukungan internasional pada tahun 2030. Adapun di tahun 2020 sektor energi telah menyumbang penurunan emisi karbon hingga 64 juta ton.
Walaupun begitu, Indonesia memiliki suatu komitmen penuh untuk mengatasi isu-isu terkait aksesbilitas energi, teknologi cerdas, serta hal-hal pembiayaan untuk mendukung menyukseskan dalam perjanjian Paris. Di mana salah satunya adalah pemberian insentif untuk mempercepat teknologi inovatif yang ramah lingkungan.
Prediksi pada tahun 2025, energi terbarukan akan mengalami lonjakan potensi yang cukup signifikan. Bauran energi terbarukan sendiri dapat direalisasikan dengan pemanfaatan energi surya, energi air, energi hidro, energi bayu, energi biomassa, dan energi lainnya. Namun pada tulisan kali ini akan membahas energi mikro hidro.
Potensi Energi Mikro Hidro
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro saat ini dibagi menjadi 3 kategori. Mikro Hidro Kelas A (PLTMH) memiliki potensi dengan kapasitas 5 – 100 kW, Mikro Hidro Kelas B (PLTMH) Potensi Kapasitas 100 – 200 kW, dan Mikro Hidro Kelas C (PLTMH) Potensi Kapasitas 200 – 600 kW.
Ketua Asosiasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH) Riza Husni mengatakan bahwa saat ini masih banyak program EBT yang belum dapat direalisasikan karena masih banyaknya perencanaan pembangkit fosil di masa lalu yang harus dituntaskan. “Selain itu juga realisasi pembangkit EBT karena Covid dan demand yang tidak bertumbuh,” ujarnya dalam siaran pers, Sabtu (18/9/2021).
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Meskipun demikian, Dia meyakini pada tahun 2025 mendatang pemerintah akan melirik program EBT yang mengandalkan tenaga air. Terlebih dari letak geografis Indonesia sudah sangat mendukung, bahkan beberapa kabupaten di Indonesia memiliki 100 hingga 200 sungai.
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mini Hidro (PLTM) lanjutnya, memiliki pola operasinya yang mirip dan mudah disesuaikan serta tidak bersifat intermitent, murah alias ekonomis. Menurutnya, Pemerintah tidak boleh menutupi dan menggunakan alasan kelebihan muatan atau over supply. “Kami berharap subsidi tahunan pemerintah ke PLN harus dikaitkan dengan langkah langkah riil terkait pengembangan EBT berskala kecil”.
Hingga saat ini, biaya pembangkit yang dikenakan untuk PLTMH skala besar sekitar US $7 sen sampai US $8,5 sen per kWh. Sementara untuk skala kecil di bawah 10 MW, besaran yang dikenakan di bawah Rp 950 per kWh.
Riza turut mengatakan PLTU yang baru di US$5 sen per kWH tanpa dihitung efek lingkungan. Karena PLTMH kontraknya dalam rupiah tentu jangka 5 tahun akan lebih murah dari PLTU.
Harapan Pemerintah saat ini adalah alam pengembangan PLTMH ke depannya ada langkah konkrit pemerintah terlebih energi air skala kecil sudah lebih murah ketimbang energi fosil.
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