- Mangrove menjadi tanaman pesisir pantai dengan banyak manfaat ekologis, biologi, hingga ekonomis
- Indonesia memiliki hutan mangrove terluas di dunia
- Ekosistem hutan mangrove menyimpan dan menyerap banyak karbon
Pasti Sobat EBT Heroes sering melihat atau bahkan ikut serta dalam kegiatan penanaman mangrove di sepanjang pantai, bukan? Usut punya usut, mangrove dipilih sebagai vegetasi terbaik untuk ditanam di pesisir. Ini karena akar mangrove yang kuat dalam mencegah erosi, ekosistemnya juga menjadi habitat bagi berbagai fauna, dan kemampuannya dalam menyimpan karbon. Manfaat mangrove banyak sekali, kan?
Pohon mangrove dengan segala kegunaannya bahkan diakui sebagai salah satu hutan karbon terbesar di daerah tropis, khususnya di Indonesia. Indonesia yang dikenal sebagai negara kepulauan, memiliki sejumlah titik konsentrasi mangrove dan berkontribusi besar dalam penyimpanan karbon. Penasaran bagaimana mangrove dapat menjadi sumber harta karun karbon pesisir? Yuk, Sobat EBT Heroes makin tahu Indonesia dengan menyimak artikel ini!
Kehidupan Mangrove
Mangrove merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang biasa tumbuh di wilayah pesisir pantai dengan ketinggian di atas permukaan air pasang dan toleransi terhadap kadar garam (salinitas). Karakteristik ini sesuai dengan lingkungan habitat mangrove, yaitu air payau dengan salinitas cukup tinggi dan perubahan tinggi air akibat pasang surut laut. Pada umumnya, pohon mangrove tumbuh subur di tanah lumpur atau gambut, yang juga menjadi karakteristik khas dari hutan mangrove.
Mangrove memiliki berbagai jenis yang berasal dari genus yang berbeda, seperti Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Avicennia, Scyphiphora, Ceriops, dan lain-lain. Setiap jenis mangrove memiliki ciri-ciri uniknya. Misalnya, genus Avicennia yang dapat bertahan di lingkungan dengan tingkat salinitas tinggi, atau Rhizophora yang dapat tumbuh dengan cara berkecambah saat masih menempel dengan pohon induk (vivipar).
Kehidupan mangrove di pantai dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor, seperti topografi pantai, pasang surut, gelombang dan arus, iklim (suhu, cahaya, angin, hujan), salinitas air, tingkat oksigen terlarut di air, tanah, dan ketersediaan unsur hara di tanah. Meski begitu, mangrove memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang cukup tinggi terhadap perubahan lingkungan yang fluktuatif. Mereka mengembangkan berbagai mekanisme adaptasi, seperti morfologi kelenjar garam, desalinasi akar, anatomi akar nafas, kemampuan reproduktif, dan respons khusus terhadap cahaya.
Baca juga
- Tanpa Mangrove, Pantai Kita akan Terkikis
- JICT Gerakan Peduli Lingkungan dengan Menanam 2.000 Bibit Mangrove
Hutan Mangrove
Mangrove pada umumnya hidup secara berkelompok yang membentuk suatu kawasan hutan. Sehingga, jenis hutan mangrove ini dianggap sebagai hutan homogen karena kebanyakan tumbuhan yang hidup relatif serupa. Hutan mangrove ini banyak ditemui di sepanjang garis pantai dan berperan dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem tepi pantai.
Ekosistem hutan mangrove umumnya tidak hanya terdiri dari pohon mangrove, melainkan juga dapat mencakup tanaman bakau, palem, epfisit, dan tumbuhan paku. Selain itu, hutan mangrove juga menjadi tempat tinggal bagi sejumlah fauna, seperti ikan, kerang, kepiting, udang, dan biota air lainnya. Tidak hanya itu, keberadaan pohon mangrove yang cukup tinggi dan rapat, dapat memberikan tempat perlindungan yang aman bagi beberapa jenis burung.
Keberadaan hutan mangrove tentu membawa banyak dampak positif yang di antaranya.
- Menjadi sumber kesuburan tanah dan nutrisi bagi makhluk hidup sekitar
- Menjaga kualitas kejernihan air dan tingkat salinitas (kadar garam) air
- Menjadi sumber daya obat tradisional bagi masyarakat sekitar
- Mencegah abrasi dan erosi tanah sebagai penopang tanah pesisir
Mangrove di Indonesia
Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang memiliki banyak hutan mangrove. Luas hutan mangrove di Indonesia mencapai 3,8 juta hektar (ha) dan menjalar sepanjang 95.000 km tepi pantai. Hutan ini tersebar di sebelah barat Pulau Sumatera (417 ribu ha), sebagian utara Pulau Jawa (34,4 ribu ha), pesisir Pulau Kalimantan (165 ribu ha), Sulawesi (53 ribu ha), dan selatan Papua yang terluas hingga mencapai 3,7 juta ha, serta beberapa pulau kecil lainnya.
Cadangan hutan mangrove tropis di Indonesia merupakan hutan terluas di dunia yang mencakup 30-40% dari total hutan mangrove di seluruh dunia. Sayangnya, luas hutan mangrove terus mengalami penurunan signifikan dalam setengah abad terakhir, dengan penurunan mencapai 30-50%. Di Indonesia, pada tahun 2009, diperkirakan bahwa 42% hutan mangrove mengalami kerusakan berat, 29% mengalami kerusakan, dan kurang dari 23% masih dalam kondisi baik, bahkan hanya 6% yang dalam kondisi sangat baik. Hal ini sangat memprihatinkan apabila Sobat EBT Heroes mengingat manfaat yang begitu besar dari hutan mangrove.
Baca juga
- Hutan Mangrove: Penjaga Iklim yang Terlupakan
- Carbon Offsetting Melalui Penanaman Mangrove, Alternatif Menekan Emisi Karbon yang Berdampak dan Berkelanjutan
Penyimpan Karbon
Salah satu manfaat hutan mangrove yang saat ini menjadi topik pembicaraan adalah kemampuannya sebagai penyimpan karbon. Bahkan, hutan mangrove dapat menyerap lebih banyak karbon daripada sebagian besar jenis hutan lainnya. Mangrove mampu menyerap karbon dari udara dan menyimpannya dalam bentuk biomassa dan sedimen tanah organik, yang keduanya disebut sebagai cadangan karbon.
Jumlah karbon yang tersimpan dalam setiap ekosistem hutan mangrove tentu sangat bervariasi. Pada umumnya, cadangan karbon lebih banyak disimpan di bawah permukaan tanah (dengan kedalaman <30 cm) daripada di atas permukaan tanah. Menurut penelitian CIFOR, letak hutan mangrove terhadap laut juga memengaruhi kandungan karbon yang ditemukan. Rata-rata kandungan karbon dari mangrove muara lebih besar (1.075 mg C/ha) dibandingkan dengan mangrove laut (990 mg C/ha). Tentunya, ini dipengaruhi berbagai faktor, seperti jenis tanah gambut dan kedalamannya.
Penyerapan karbon oleh mangrove menjadi semakin maksimal berkat sistem akar napas dan struktur tumbuhan pantainya yang unik. Selain itu, kondisi tanah gambut yang terbentuk dari bahan organik juga berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan karbon dalam jumlah besar. Mangrove diperkirakan mampu menyerap dan menyimpan karbon sekitar 4 hingga 112 gigaton C/tahun. Hal ini mendorong sejumlah pihak untuk mengajukan hutan mangrove sebagai salah satu upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim dalam inisiatif REDD.
Oleh karena itu, hingga saat ini, mangrove dianggap memiliki potensi besar sebagai penyimpan karbon dan target carbon offsetting. Indonesia tentu memiliki keunggulan dalam hal ini, mengingat luasnya hutan mangrove yang dapat menjadi harta karun sebagai penyimpanan karbon di masa depan. Jadi, mari Sobat EBT Heroes bersama-sama menjaga ekosistem mangrove di Indonesia!
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Tika Sari Safitri
Referensi
[1] Hutan Mangrove: Fungsi dan Persebarannya di Indonesia
[2] Hutan Mangrove: Ciri-ciri, Fungsi dan Manfaatnya (Terbaru)
[3] Purnobasuki, H. (2012). Pemanfaatan Hutan Mangrove Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon. Universitas Airlangga
[4] Donato, dkk. (2012). Mangrove adalah salah satu hutan terkaya karbon di kawasan tropis. CIFOR.
[5] Faktor-Faktor Lingkugan dan Adaptasi Mangrove
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