- PLTA Cirata adalah pembangkit listrik tenaga air terbesar di Indonesia, beroperasi sejak 1988 dan memainkan peran kunci sebagai penyangga beban puncak di sistem kelistrikan Jawa-Madura-Bali.
- PLTA Cirata berinovasi dengan berbagai program, termasuk substitusi energi menggunakan biomassa dan penghijauan dengan penanaman tanaman energi seperti kaliandra, untuk mendukung target net zero emission dan green energy.
- Pengalaman dalam menangani blackout dan kolaborasi dalam teknik modifikasi cuaca menunjukkan komitmen PLTA Cirata dalam meningkatkan stabilitas dan ketahanan sistem kelistrikan serta kontribusinya terhadap pengelolaan lingkungan.
Jawa Barat memiliki potensi besar dalam bauran energi baru terbarukan (EBT) dengan total mencapai 192 gigawatt (GW), meliputi sumber energi surya, hidro, angin, biomassa, dan lainnya. Namun, saat ini utilitas yang terpasang baru mencapai dua persen, atau sekitar 3,41 GW. Untuk mencapai target bauran energi nasional pada tahun 2025, diperlukan keragaman pembangkit EBT dan substitusi energi.
Salah satu contoh pembangkit EBT tertua di Indonesia adalah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA) Cirata, yang berdiri sejak 1988. PLTA ini berperan aktif dalam mendukung program pemerintah menuju net zero emission dan green energy dengan memanfaatkan lahan idle untuk penanaman tanaman energi di sekitar area pembangkit.
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PLTA Cirata: PLTA Tertua di Indonesia
Terletak di Desa Cadassari, Kabupaten Purwakarta, PLTA Cirata berada di persimpangan strategis antara Jakarta, Bandung, dan Cirebon. Sejak beroperasi pada tahun 1988, PLTA Cirata telah dikelola oleh PT. Pembangkitan Jawa Bali (PJB). Dengan kapasitas total 1.008 MW yang terdiri dari delapan unit masing-masing berkapasitas 126 MW, pembangkit ini juga dilengkapi dengan satu unit solar panel berkapasitas 1 MW untuk kebutuhan penelitian.
Pada awal berdirinya, PLTA Cirata hanya memiliki empat unit. Kemudian, pada tahun 1997 dan 1998, ditambahkan dua unit lagi. Saat ini, PLTA Cirata merupakan yang terbesar di Indonesia dan merupakan pembangkit listrik bawah tanah terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Pembangkit ini terhubung dengan jaringan kelistrikan Jawa-Madura-Bali (Jamali) melalui interkoneksi 500 kV.
PLTA Cirata, yang telah beroperasi selama 36 tahun, menghasilkan listrik sebanyak 1.428 GWh per tahun. Pembangkit ini berfungsi sebagai pengendali frekuensi dalam sistem 500 kV melalui Load Frequency Control (LFC) dan Automatic Generating Control (AGC). Sebagai penyangga beban puncak (peaker), PLTA Cirata berperan penting dalam menjaga kestabilan sistem kelistrikan, terutama ketika pembangkit lain tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan listrik pada titik puncak.
“PLTA Cirata masuk dalam sistem tenaga listrik 500 kilovolt [kV] interkoneksi Jawa-Madura Bali. Selain sebagai penyangga beban puncak, PLTA Cirata berfungsi sebagai penjaga kualitas energi listrik di sistem, mulai dari tegangan hingga frekuensi,” ucap Prihanto Budi.
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Keunggulan PLTA Cirata
PLTA Cirata menjadi beban puncak (peak load) atau berfungsi sebagai “baterai” dalam sistem listrik Jamali. PLTA ini menjadi pembangkit listrik yang memenuhi kekurangan daya pada sistem 500 kV. melalui Load Frequency Control (LFC) dan atau Automatic Generating Contorol (AGC).
Menurut Prihanto Budi, Manajer Operasi PLTA Cirata, AGC memungkinkan turbin PLTA Cirata dioperasikan secara otomatis untuk menyesuaikan beban generator dengan kebutuhan sistem hanya dengan satu perintah, dan dalam waktu yang sangat singkat.
Operator Power House PLTA Cirata, Sumitro Pandapotan, menjelaskan bahwa proses pembangkitan listrik dimulai dari air yang ditampung di Waduk Cirata dan dialirkan melalui intake gate. Air kemudian mengalir ke terowongan dengan dua cabang: satu untuk mencegah aliran balik (water hammer) dan yang lainnya mengarah ke turbin.
“Untuk pengoperasiannya, air memutar turbin, otomatis energi mekanik dari turbin itu dialihkan menjadi listrik melalui generator,” terang Sumitro.
Sumitro menyebutkan, turbin yang digunakan adalah jenis Francis, yang ideal karena sesuai dengan ketinggian jatuh air (100 meter) dan kecepatan putaran (187,5 rpm). Tegangan listrik yang dihasilkan oleh generator sekitar 16,5 kV, dan listrik ini langsung disalurkan ke sistem jaringan Jamali melalui trafo terdekat.
Terbukti Teruji dan Terus Menerus Berinovasi
PLTA Cirata menunjukkan keunggulannya saat terjadi pemadaman listrik total (blackout) di sebagian besar wilayah Pulau Jawa pada tahun 2019. Ketika listrik di Jakarta, Banten, Jawa Barat, dan sebagian Jawa Tengah mati akibat gangguan sistem transfer energi, PLTA Cirata berfungsi sebagai penyelamat.
“Jika sistem Jawa, Madura, dan Bali ini collapse, black out, tidak ada supply listrik sama sekali, maka PLTA Cirata ini akan menjadi lilin pertama yang menghidupkan kelistrikannya,” tutur Sigit Haryanto sebagai Asisten Manajer Produksi B PLTA Cirata.
Selain memenuhi kebutuhan listrik di tiga pulau, PLTA Cirata juga aktif dalam memperluas manfaatnya bagi masyarakat melalui berbagai inovasi. Waduk Cirata tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai pengendali banjir dari Sungai Citarum dan penampung irigasi, tetapi juga terlibat dalam teknik modifikasi cuaca (TMC) untuk meringankan dampak cuaca ekstrem.
“Ketika menjelang musim kemarau, itu diadakan TMC. Pelaksanaannya di akhir musim penghujan dan menjelang musim penghujan,” ujar Prihanto. Hal ini dilakukan demi meringankan dampak dari cuaca ekstrem. Pihaknya turut menggandeng Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) hingga Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) dalam melakukan TMC.
PLTA Cirata berkomitmen untuk mendukung percepatan penggunaan energi baru terbarukan dengan melakukan substitusi energi menuju target 23% pada tahun 2025. Salah satu inisiatifnya adalah melalui program co-firing biomassa pada PLTU batu bara yang sudah beroperasi, sebagai bagian dari program Green Booster PT PLN (Persero). Penggunaan biomassa, baik dari sampah, limbah, maupun tanaman penghasil energi, diharapkan dapat menurunkan emisi gas dan karbon di sektor pembangkitan listrik di masa depan.
“Dalam rangka upaya membantu program pemerintah menuju net zero emission dan green energy, PLTA Cirata berkomitmen dengan cara memanfaatkan lahan idle aset melalui penanaman tanaman energi, yaitu kailandra. Upaya itu sekaligus bisa mengamankan lahan di sekitar PLTA Cirata,” ujar General Manager Unit Pembangkitan Cirata, Ochairialdy.
Selain kaliandra, PLTA Cirata juga melakukan penghijauan dengan menanam pohon jenis gamal secara bertahap. Tahun ini, kaliandra telah memasuki musim panen perdana setelah berumur lebih dari satu tahun, dengan proyeksi hasil panen mencapai 15-45 ton per hektare dan potensi reduksi karbon setara dengan 278,95 ton CO2.
“Tidak hanya penanaman, di area PLTA Cirata akan dibangun instalasi pengolahan biomassa dengan penggunaan nilai tingkat komponen dalam negeri mencapai 90%,” ucapnya.
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