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PLTN Berteknologi SMR Hasil Kolaborasi AS-Indonesia

Pengumuman Memorandum of agreement serta penandatanganan kontrak di bawah kemitraan untuk infrastruktur dan investasi global (partnership for global infrastructure and investment). Sumber: id.usembassy.gov
Pengumuman Memorandum of agreement serta penandatanganan kontrak di bawah kemitraan untuk infrastruktur dan investasi global (partnership for global infrastructure and investment). Sumber: id.usembassy.gov
  • Amerika serikat dan Indonesia mengumumkan kemitraan mengenai penggunaan  reaktor modular kecil/small modular reactor (SMR) untuk pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN).
  • SMR memiliki potensi dalam ranah teknologi energi bersih nuklir yang canggih, aman, dan terjamin dalam rangka mendukung target net zero emissions di indonesia pada 2060.
  • Ann K. Gazer selaku wakil asisten menteri luar negeri AS untuk keamanan internasional dan non-proliferasi menyatakan bahwa AS melalui USTDA akan mendampingi Indonesia dalam meneliti studi kelayakan penggunaan teknologi SMR.

Sobat EBT heroes, sekarang ini energi nuklir telah menjadi salah satu fokus bagi banyak negara. Ini dikarenakan potensi dari energi nuklir yang dapat jadi terobosan dari clean energy. Oleh karena itu, sudah cukup banyak negara yang menjalin kerja sama untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN), tak terkecuali Indonesia. 

Melalui Forum Bisnis Kamar Dagang dan Industri Indo-Pasifik di Bali, kerja sama Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat dilakukan dalam rangka pengembangan program energi bersih nuklir. Kerja sama keduanya ditekankan dalam hal penggunaan reaktor modular kecil/small modular reactor (SMR). 

Kerja sama tersebut diumumkan secara resmi pada sabtu, 18 Maret 2023. Melalui kedutaan besar dan konsulat AS di Indonesia, Menteri Koordinator bidang Perekonomian Airlangga Hartarto; Duta Besar AS di Indonesia Sung Y. Kim; Wakil Asisten Utama Menteri Luar Negeri AS Ann Ganzer; bersama dengan Badan Perdagangan dan Pembangunan AS (USTDA), mengumumkan memorandum of agreement hibah afiliasi dan menandatangani kontrak kerja sama untuk infrastruktur dan investasi global.

Dalam perjanjian ini, hibah diberikan kepada PLN Indonesia Power. Hibah berupa perencanaan pembangkit listrik beserta sistem interkoneksinya, pemilihan lokasi, analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan dan sosial sekitar lokasi, pertimbangan risiko, perkiraan biaya, serta tinjauan peraturan. 

Selain hibah, kerja sama antara Indonesia dan Amerika ini mencakup pendanaan satu juta USD yang digunakan untuk membangun berbagai fasilitas di bawah program infrastruktur dasar Departemen Luar Negeri AS untuk penggunaan teknologi SMR yang bertanggung jawab (FIRST). 

Baca juga:

Prancis Jadi Negara Paling Bergantung Kepada Nuklir

Rencana PLTN Perdana Indonesia di Pulau Gelasa: Menggali Potensi Energi Nuklir

Kenapa SMR Punya Potensi Tinggi Untuk PLTN?

Ilustrasi skematik SMR. Sumber: kmtntf.ft.ugm.ac.id

Menurut International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), SMR merupakan reaktor berdaya rendah yang hanya dapat mengeluarkan maksimal 300 MWe. Terdapat beberapa alasan mengapa SMR jauh lebih efisien diterapkan pada PLTN: 

  • Lebih fleksibel dalam pengoperasiannya. 

Karena ukurannya yang kecil, SMR dinilai lebih fleksibel dalam pengoperasiannya, misalnya dalam hal penggunaan dayanya. Daya dari SMR dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Daya yang dihasilkan SMR memang kecil. Meski begitu, apabila ada wilayah yang memerlukan daya yang lebih besar, daya suplai dari SMR dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan modul dayanya. 

Selain itu, fleksibilitas SMR juga membuatnya dapat diaplikasikan pada negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia. SMR dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber tenaga kapal karena sifatnya yang fleksibel. Ini dapat dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memberi energi listrik daerah 3T (tertinggal, terdepan, dan terluar). 

  • Biaya yang jauh lebih murah 

Overnight cost SMR merupakan yang tertinggi daripada pembangkit daya lainnya. Overnight cost sendiri dihitung berdasarkan daya per kwnya. Sedangkan itu, SMR dirancang hanya menghasilkan daya yang kecil, sehingga biayanya akan jauh lebih rendah. SMR hanya dapat menghasilkan daya sebesar 300 MW per unit, sekitar sepertiga daya yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit reaktor konvensional. Dengan begitu, biaya SMR dinilai dapat berkompetisi dengan reaktor konvensional lainnya. 

  • Suplai bahan bakar yang berlimpah. 

SMR mengandalkan uranium sebagai bahan bakarnya. Uranium juga memiliki densitas energi yang lebih besar. Densitas energi merupakan seberapa besar energi yang tersimpan dalam material tertentu. Semakin tinggi densitas energinya, maka semakin efisien juga material tersebut menghasilkan energi. Uranium menjadi salah satu logam dengan densitas tinggi. Densitas uranium terhitung sampai 19,1 g/cm3. Sedangkan itu, batu bara hanya mencapai kepadatan 1,2 g/cm3.

  • Siklus pengisian bahan bakar energi nuklir lebih lama dibandingkan dengan batubara.

Sebagai pembanding, siklus pengisian bahan bakar reaktor adalah 18-24 bulan. Sedangkan pengisian ulang pembangkit listrik konvensional akan dilakukan selama ia beroperasi. 

Kerja Sama PLTN Berteknologi SMR dengan NuScale

Ilustrasi SMR perusahaan NuScale. Sumber: ewg.org

Dalam pengembangan SMR, Indonesia bekerja sama dengan NuScale Power OVS yang berkantor pusat di Oregon, Amerika Serikat. Kemitraan tersebut dilakukan berdampingan dengan anak perusahaan Fluor Corporation yang berpusat di Texas serta JGC Corporation asal Jepang. 

Melalui kedutaan besar dan konsulat AS di Indonesia, SMR hasil kolaborasi Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat akan menyediakan daya selama 24 jam dilengkapi dengan lahan yang fleksibel dan menggunakan tapak tanah yang kecil. SMR ini memiliki fitur keselamatan yang canggih. Sebagai contoh, SMR ini mampu menahan cuaca ekstrem dan bencana gempa bumi. 

Wakil asisten menteri luar negeri Amerika Serikat Ann K. Gazer mengatakan bahwa NuScale telah menyempurnakan teknologinya dalam hal pencegahan bencana nuklir. Pernyataan tersebut sebagai respon dari bencana nuklir yang telah terjadi di Fukushima, Jepang pada 2023 lalu. 

“Teknologi baru ini dapat beroperasi tanpa operator. Kami di Amerika Serikat memiliki standar tertinggi untuk keamanan, keselamatan, dan nonproliferasi, khususnya dalam desain teknologi nuklir ini,” ucap Gazer. 

Baca juga:

PLTN Berbasis SMR Direncanakan di Kalimantan Barat  

Pembangunan teknologi SMR pada PLTN direncanakan di Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar). Ann K. Gazer menyatakan bahwa AS melalui USTDA akan mendampingi Indonesia dalam meneliti studi kelayakan penggunaan teknologi SMR. Indonesia sendiri memberikan tanggung jawab studi kelayakan kepada anak perusahaan PT PLN, yakni Indonesia Power. 

Studi kelayakan teknologi SMR mencakup pemilihan lokasi secara detail, desain pembangkit listrik, sistem interkoneksi, penilaian awal terhadap dampak lingkungan dan sosial (AMDAL), pertimbangan risiko, perkiraan biaya, serta tinjauan lebih lanjut terhadap regulasi/perizinan setempat. 

Urgensi dari SMR sendiri terletak pada kebutuhan dekarbonisasi. Dekarbonisasi meliputi produksi hidrogen bersih, proses industri besar, serta desalinasi air. Untuk tujuan jangka panjang, SMR akan memajukan tujuan Kemitraan Transisi Energi yang Adil (Just Energy Transition Partnership). Selain itu, kepemimpinan Indonesia di ASEAN akan semakin kuat dalam hal penggunaan teknologi nuklir. Pada akhirnya, proyek SMR akan mendukung target Net Zero Emissions Indonesia 2060.

#ZonaEBT #EBTHeroes #sebarterbarukan

Editor: Devi Oktaviana

Referensi: 

Picture of Zefanya Stephanie Bramantya

Zefanya Stephanie Bramantya

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