- Melalui Statista, Cina masuk ke dalam negara ketiga dengan jumlah reaktor nuklir aktif terbanyak per tahun 2023.
- Hampir setiap proyek reaktor nuklir Cina yang beroperasi sejak 2010 dibangun dalam waktu kurang lebih tujuh tahun. Fakta tersebut berkebalikan dengan kritik yang sering dilontarkan ke proyek pembangunan reaktor nuklir, bahwa untuk membangun reaktor nuklir, diperlukan waktu satu dekade atau bahkan lebih.
- Beberapa kunci keberhasilan pembangunan reaktor nuklir Cina yang cepat seperti pendanaan proyel nuklir yang dipermudah, kualitas SDM, Kebijakan pemerintah Cina yang memang berfokus pada pembangunan reaktor nuklir besar-besaran, dll.
Di era sekarang, teknologi nuklir dengan segudang keuntungannya menjadi prioritas dari banyak negara. Banyak negara yang berlomba-lomba menggunakan energi nuklir untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai Permbangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN).
Beberapa negara yang berlomba-lomba membangun PLTN seperti Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Perancis, Jepang, dll. Akan tetapi, dari sekian banyaknya negara, Cina merupakan negara yang menarik dalam penggunaan Energi Nuklir.
Cina Masuk sebagai 5 Besar Negara yang Memiliki Reaktor Terbanyak
Melalui Statista, Cina masuk ke dalam negara ketiga dengan jumlah reaktor nuklir aktif terbanyak per tahun 2023. Cina memiliki 55 unit reaktor nuklir, menyusul Perancis di peringkat kedua dengan 56 unit dan Amerika Serikat di urutan pertama dengan 93 unit.
Meski tidak mendapat urutan pertama, perkembangan Cina terhadap pemanfaatan energi nuklir yang masuk ke urutan ketiga patut diacungi jempol. Pasalnya, menurut International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Cina menjadi negara dengan perkembangan penggunaan nuklir tercepat di dunia.
Perkembangan PLTN Cina yang Cepat
Sampai saat ini, Cina memiliki 56 reaktor nuklir aktif dengan total kapasitas 54.362 MWe dan 26 reaktor yang masih berada dalam tahap konstruksi. Jumlah tersebut diperoleh Cina dengan waktu yang lebih singkat dibanding dengan negara-negara saingannya dalam penggunaan teknologi nuklir.
Hampir setiap proyek reaktor nuklir Cina yang beroperasi sejak 2010 dibangun dalam waktu kurang lebih tujuh tahun. Fakta tersebut berkebalikan dengan kritik yang sering dilontarkan ke proyek pembangunan reaktor nuklir, bahwa untuk membangun reaktor nuklir, diperlukan waktu satu dekade atau bahkan lebih.
Sejak 2022, Cina terhitung telah menyelesaikan lima pembangunan reaktor domestik tambahan. Waktu penyelesaian reaktor tersebut berkisar 5-7 tahun. Angka tersebut secara tidak langsung mengindikasikan pengerjaan proyek Cina yang tetap konsisten meskipun mendapat gangguan dari pandemi COVID-19.
Kecepatan Cina dalam membangun reaktor juga ditunjukkan dengan proyek reaktor luar negerinya. Sampai 2024, Cina berhasil membangun enam reaktor nuklir di Pakistan dalam jangka waktu sekitar 5-6 tahun. Citra baik Cina membuat klien teknologi nuklir negara tersebut, seperti Argentina, semakin memiliki kepercayaan tinggi bahwa Cina sebagai mitra dapat memberikan konsistensi serupa bagi proyek pembangkit listrik mereka.
Tidak semua proyek nuklir Cina berjalan kurang dari 10 tahun. Reaktor demonstrasi berpendingin gas suhu tinggi (HTR PM) di Shidowan memiliki durasi proyek terlama, yakni sampai 11 tahun. Meski begitu, reaktor demonstrasi tersebut telah selesai dibangun dua tahun sebelum dapat beroperasi secara komersial.
Jeda yang ada sebelum reaktor HTR PM dikomersialkan merupakan masa pengujian dan evaluasi reaktor. Hal tersebut juga diperkuat karena reaktor yang memiliki daya output yang kecil dan merupakan desain dari generasi terbaru. Dengan kata lain, pembangunan reaktor yang melebihi 10 tahun dikarenakan Cina yang ingin lebih fokus pada aspek keselamatan dan kelayakan reaktor generasi baru tersebut.
Baca juga:
- Jepang Kehabisan Ruang Penyimpanan Limbah Nuklir: Laut Solusinya
- Kemana Limbah Nuklir Berakhir? Solusi Mengatasi Limbah Radioactive
Kunci Keberhasilan Teknologi Nuklir Cina
Terdapat beberapa kunci dari keberhasilan teknologi nuklir Cina berupa pembangunan reaktor nuklir yang konsisten. Yang pertama adalah pendanaan proyek mendapatkan kemudahan, terutama dalam hal mengumpulkan modal. Selain itu, proyek nuklir Cina mendapatkan dukungan dari sektor publik.
Kedua, proyek pembangunan nuklir Cina turut didukung dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang memadai. Pertumbuhan infrastruktur industri dan sipil Cina cenderung yang besar menumbuhkan berbagai pengalaman manajemen mega proyek dan konstruksi. Pada akhirnya, masyarakat tersebut telah terlatih untuk merencanakan dengan efisien penempatan unit konstruksi yang sama di lokasi yang sama.
Nantinya, lokasi tersebut dapat dikembangkan dan diperluas secara bertahap. Peningkatan kapasitas industri besar dapat mendukung pengembangan proyek nuklir. Dengan adanya peralatan berat yang tersedia, seperti mesin cor atau alat tempa, maka pembangunan komponen penting reaktor nuklir akan berjalan lebih lancar.
Ketiga, pemerintah Cina memang telah menargetkan energi nuklir sebagai fokus kebijakan negara sebagai potensi ekspor. Hal tersebut dikarenakan melonjaknya permintaan energi Cina, sehingga memaksa pemerintah untuk memastikan kecukupan sumber daya energi. Tenaga nuklir memainkan peran penting dalam mendukung strategi Cina.
Baca juga:
- Rusia dan Cina Bangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir di Bulan
- Mengenal HTGR, Reaktor Nuklir Generasi IV Terbaik Saat Ini
Kunci terakhir datang dari industri nuklir Cina dalam hal strategi perencanaan proyek dan pengembangan kekuatan energi nuklirnya. Sejak 2005, Cina lebih mengutamakan kualitas tahapan produksi, sumber daya manusia, serta keterbukaan mereka terhadap jenis desain reaktor dari luar negeri. Strategi mereka juga meliputi pemilihan lokasi di pesisir yang memiliki biaya yang jauh lebih rendah untuk pembangunan proyek nuklir.
Pasalnya, lokasi di pesisir membuat pengiriman bahan dan komponen konstruksi dapat menggunakan kapal tongkang dan air laut sebagai pendingin. Dengan begitu, mereka tidak perlu memerlukan menara pendingin setinggi enam ratur kaki untuk reaktor. Selain itu, lokasi pesisir juga rendah risiko gempa bumi dan banjir.
#ZonaEBT #EBTHeroes #SebarTerbarukan
Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat
Referensi:
- How China has Become the World’s Fastest Expanding Nuclear Power Producer
- Number of operable nuclear power reactors worldwide as of May 2023, by country
- China’s Impressive Rate of Nuclear Construction
- China Nuclear Power Plant Equipment Market Size & Share Analysis – Growth Trends & Forecasts (2024 – 2029)
- Nuclear Power in China
- Q&A: How China is using nuclear power to reduce its carbon emissions
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