- Salah satu PLTN Jepang yang direncanakan dihidupkan kembali adalah PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa dengan kapasitas bersih sebanyak 7.965 MWe
- PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa sempat terpaksa berhenti beroperasi karena bencana nuklir Fukushima pada Mei 2012
- Regulator nuklir Jepang (NRA) mencabut larangan operasional PLTN terbesar di dunia tersebut pada Desember 2023.
Pada tahun 2022, dunia sempat digemparkan dengan kondisi kebijakan PLTN di Jepang. Jepang pada akhirnya memutuskan untuk kembali bergantung pada energi nuklir setelah sebelumnya sempat menarik diri dari penggunaan nuklir. Oleh karena itu, pada tahun 2023, beberapa Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) Jepang pada akhirnya dihidupkan kembali. Akan tetapi, tahukah Sobat EBT Heroes bahwa salah satu PLTN Jepang yang direncanakan dihidupkan kembali merupakan PLTN terbesar di dunia?
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Jadi PLTN Terbesar di Dunia
Salah satu PLTN Jepang yang direncanakan dihidupkan kembali adalah PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa. PLTN terbesar di dunia sekaligus di Jepang tersebut menempati posisi nomor 1 sebagai PLTN dengan kapasitas bersih paling besar, yakni sebanyak 7.965 MWe. Posisi tersebut secara berurutan diikuti dengan PLTN Bruce diKanada, PLTN Kori, Hanul, dan Hanbit di Korea Selatan, serta PLTN Zaporizhzhia di Ukraina.
PLTN Kashiwazaki telah beroperasi sejak tanggal 1980 dan berada di bawah tanggung jawab Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). PLTN tersebut terdiri dari tujuh reaktor dengan jenis reaktor air mendidih/Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) yang memiliki kapasitas kotor sebesar 8.212 MW. TEPCO mengklaim bahwa PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa merupakan PLTN pertama di dunia yang menggunakan BWR secara komersial.
Masing-masing lima unit pertama reaktor PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa memiliki kapasitas 1.100 MW. Sedangkan itu, dua sisanya memiliki masing-masing kapasitas bruto sebesar 1.356 MW. Tujuh unit reaktor PLTN tersebut tidak beroperasi pada waktu yang bersamaan. Unit reaktor pertama diketahui baru beroperasi secara komersial pada September 1985. Sedangkan unit terakhir beroperasi pada Juli 1997.
PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk tahan terhadap kondisi Jepang yang penuh gempa. Sebagai pengaman, pondasi bangunan PLTN dibangun setinggi empat lantai di bawah permukaan air. Pondasi tersebut didirikan hingga mencapai lapisan batuan dasar dan pasir yang kokoh di bawahnya. Sehingga, bangunan PLTN akan semakin stabil dan lebih tahan terhadap gempa bumi.
Baca juga:
- Rusia dan Cina Bangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir di Bulan
- PLTN Dimatikan Total, Era Tenaga Nuklir Jerman Berakhir?
Izin Beroperasi PLTN Terbesar di Dunia Sempat Dicabut
Sama seperti PLTN Jepang kebanyakan, PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa sempat terpaksa berhenti beroperasi karena bencana nuklir Fukushima. Pemerintah Jepang mencabut izin operasi PLTN Kashiwazaki pada Mei 2012
Akan tetapi, PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa juga pernah ditutup karena alasan gempa bumi. Meski telah dijelaskan bahwa PLTN tersebut dirancang tahan dengan gempa, nyatanya gempa yang dihadapi PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa jauh lebih berat.
Gempa pertama yang dialami PLTN merupakan gempa bumi berkekuatan 6,9 skala richter yang melanda Prefektur Niigata pada Oktober 2004. Menghadapi gempa tersebut, PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa masih dapat bertahan, meski salah satu reaktor harus ditutup karena terjadi gempa susulan.
Gempa selanjutnya terjadi pada Juli 2007. Gempa kali ini memiliki kekuatan 6,8 skala Richter. Menghadapi gempa untuk yang kedua kalinya, PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa tidak dapat bertahan. Dikutip melalui Power Technology, meski semua reaktor PLTN telah ditutup, api membakar trafo listrik PLTN selama dua jam. Insiden tersebut menyebabkan pipa-pipa PLTN pecah dan drum berisi limbah nuklir terjatuh, mengakibatkan 1.200 liter air yang terkontaminasi dengan zat radioaktif keluar ke laut.
Pada Agustus 2007, penyelidik dari Badan Energi Atom Internasional (IAEA) melakukan tindak pemeriksaan keselamatan selama empat hari. Melalui pemeriksaan tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa langkah-langkah keselamatan pabrik PLTN tersebut sebenarnya berjalan dengan baik selama gempa bumi berlangsung.
Meski begitu, TEPCO bersikeras ingin membuka kembali PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa sehari setelah gempa bumi. Merespon hal tersebut, Kementerian Perdagangan dan Walikota memerintahkan untuk tetap menutup pabrik tersebut sampai pemeriksaan keselamatan telah selesai.
Melalui panduan Seismik yang direvisi pada September 2008, PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa tidak disarankan beroperasi. Hal ini dikarenakan peralatan dan fasilitas PLTN, seperti bejana tekan reaktor, bagian dalam reaktor, pipa, serta bejana pengungkung, melebihi batas elastisitas akibat gaya gempa. Pengoperasian peralatan dan fasilitas yang tidak sesuai dengan batas elastisitas dapat menyebabkan retakan.
Baca juga:
- Waspadai Krisis Global, Energi Nuklir Bisa Jadi Solusi?
- Faktor yang Harus Diperhatikan untuk Kembangkan Teknologi Energi Nuklir di Indonesia
Direncanakan Beroperasi Kembali
Untuk menghidupkan kembali ketujuh reaktor PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, dibutuhkan uji keamanan sistem pada reaktor tersebut. Unit reaktor 7 mendapatkan persetujuan dari pemerintah pusat dan regulator nuklir pada Februari 2009. Sementara itu, TEPCO mengajukan permohonan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk menghidupkan kembali unit reaktor 7. Pada Mei 2009, pemerintah daerah memberikan persetujuan.
Berkat persetujuan dari pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, serta regulator nuklir, unit reaktor 7 sudah dapat menyuplai jaringan listrik dengan daya 20% sejak 19 Mei 2009. Jaringan listrik mencapai 100% pada tanggal 5 Juni 2009 sebagai bagian dari uji restart. Selanjutnya, unit 6 juga menyusul untuk dihidupkan kembali pada 26 Agustus 2009. Pada 31 Agustus, unit 6 disambungkan kembali ke jaringan listrik Jepang.
Pada 2021 lalu, NRA masih belum memberikan izin beroperasi kembali kepada TEPCO. Hal itu disebabkan karena PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa dianggap melakukan pelanggaran keselamatan dalam melindungi bahan bakar nuklir. Selain itu, pelanggaran PLTN tersebut juga berupa ketidaktelitian yang membuat anggota staf yang tidak berwenang dapat mengakses area sensitif PLTN tersebut.
Pada akhirnya, Regulator nuklir Jepang (NRA) mencabut larangan operasional PLTN terbesar di dunia tersebut pada Desember 2023. Alasannya karena TEPCO telah menerapkan perbaikan dalam sistem manajemen keselamatan PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa. Pencabutan larangan tersebut meliputi pencabutan larangan TEPCO untuk mengangkut bahan bakar uranium ke pabrik, atau memuat bahan bakar ke dalam reaktor PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa.
Dikutip melalui Deutsche Welle, saham TEPCO mengalami peningkatan tajam akibat pertimbangan NRA untuk mencabut larangan operasional PLTN Kashiwazaki-Kariwa.
#zonaebt #EBTHeroes #Sebarterbarukan
Editor: Fitri Pilami
Referensi:
- Ranking of leading nuclear power plants worldwide as of January 2023, by capacity
- Japan lifts operational ban on world’s biggest nuclear plant
- PLTN Terbesar di Dunia Milik Jepang Bersiap untuk Hidup Kembali
- Fuel loading to start at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa unit
- Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station, Japan
- World’s Largest Nuclear Power Plant Has Been Idle For Years – But Maybe Not For Long
- Top ten nuclear power plants by capacity
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