- PLTA menjadi penyokong utama dalam upaya transisi energi baru dan terbarukan pertama
- Pembangunan PLTA juga menimbulkan persoalan seperti dampak lingkungan dan sosial
- Terdapat beberapa Instrumen Hukum atau Kebijakan dalam Pencegahan Dampak Lingkungan dan Sosial Pembangunan PLTA
Pemerintah Indonesia merencanakan untuk melakukan transisi energi baru salah satunya melalui pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA). Hingga tahun 2028, pembangunan energi baru dan terbarukan didominasi oleh pengembangan PLTA yaitu sebesar 9.552 MW dari 12.107 MW yang direncanakan.
Namun demikian, pembangunan PLTA bukan tidak menimbulkan persoalan. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi ialah terkait dampak lingkungan dan sosial yang timbul dari adanya pembangunan PLTA.
Oleh karena hal itu, melalui artikel ini Sobat EBT Heroes akan diajak lebih jauh untuk mengetahui dampak lingkungan dan sosial dari Pembangunan PLTA sebagai Energi Baru serta bagaimana instrumen hukum dapat menjadi jalan tengah untuk menjembatani dampak yang ditimbulkan.
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PLTA sebagai Proyek Prioritas dalam Transisi Energi Baru di Indonesia
Secara umum, PLTA menjadi penyokong utama dalam upaya transisi energi baru dan terbarukan yang tengah dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, pertama kondisi topografi Indonesia yang bergunung dan berbukit serrta adanya danau/waduk sebagai hulu aliran sungai membuat Indonesia memiliki potensi energi air sebagai energi primer yang besar.
Kedua seperti dilansir dalam Bisnis.com, Direktur Jenderal Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (EBTKE) Kementerian ESDM, FX Sutijastoto, PLTA selain memiliki potensi yang besar, pengembangan teknologi PLTA juga relatif lebih sederhana sehingga tidak membutuhkan biaya investasi yang besar dan dapat dikatakan lebih murah.
Adapun, berdasarkan data dari Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), Indonesia memiliki potensi energi air hingga 75.091 MW yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. PLTA pun sudah terbukti handal dan menyumbang persentase 66% dari total 7GW pembangkit listrik energi baru dan terbarukan. Hal tersebut menjadikan kita makin tahu Indonesia sejatinya memiliki potensi PLTA yang amat besar dan dapat dimanfaatkan guna mewujudkan target bauran energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia.
Meninjau Dampak Lingkungan dan Dampak Sosial Pembangunan PLTA
Realitanya, pembangunan PLTA menimbulkan persoalan seperti dampak lingkungan dan sosial. Dampak lingkungan dan sosial yang dapat terjadi ialah terganggunya ekosistem sungai seperti ekosistem flora dan fauna di daerah hulu dan hilir PLTA.
Sistem pembangunan PLTA yang mengharuskan adanya penutupan aliran air dalam dan secara sementara dapat mengubah pola kehidupan pola kehidupan flora dan fauna yang bergantung pada aliran tersebut.
Dalam beberapa penelitian disebutkan bahwa dampak terburuk dari adanya pembangunan ekosistem adalah terjadinya pencemaran serta kematian flora dan fauna.
Pembangunan PLTA juga menyebabkan perubahan pola perpindahan sedimen aliran sungai dan terjadinya pergeseran pola erosi, pergerakan serta pengendapan yang mengakibatkan adanya penurunan kualitas air.
Selain dampak lingkungan, pembangunan PLTA juga menyebabkan terjadinya dampak sosial terhadap masyarakat sekitar seperti hilangnya mata pencaharian nelayan dan petani akibat alih fungsi air.
Instrumen Hukum sebagai Jalan Tengah Pembangunan PLTA
Dengan adanya dampak lingkungan dan sosial yang ditimbulkan oleh pembangunan PLTA, maka menjadi penting bagi pemangku kebijakan untuk menyeimbangkan upaya pemaksimalan PLTA dalam rangka mewujudkan transisi energi yang berkelanjutan seraya mengurangi potensi dampak sosio-ekologis yang ditimbulkan.
Guna merespons dua problematika tersebut, Pemerintah dapat melakukan intervensi dalam bentuk instrumen hukum atau kebijakan yang bersifat pencegahan atau safety regulation.
Merujuk pada regulasi yang ada, instrumen hukum yang bersifat pencegahan atau safety regulation yang digunakan oleh pemerintah untuk memperkirakan dampak dan risiko lingkungan hidup dari pembangunan PLTA adalah AMDAL dan UKL/UPL atau yang saat ini dikenal sebagai persetujuan lingkungan dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.
AMDAL atau UKL/UPL serta Instrumen Hukum atau Kebijakan Lainnya sebagai Pencegahan Dampak Lingkungan dan Sosial
Dalam Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.38/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/7/2019 tentang Jenis Rencana Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan yang Wajib Memiliki Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup dijelaskan bahwa pembangunan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan yang wajib AMDAL salah satunya adalah PLTA dengan tinggi bendungan diatas 15 meter, luas genangan lebih dari 200 hektare atau kapasitas daya lebih dari 50 MW dan daya tampung waduk lebih dari 500.000 m3.
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Melalui AMDAL, akan dilakukan penilaian dampak potensial terhadap lingkungan yang akan timbul dan konsep umum pengendalian dampak lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, partisipasi publik juga turut dipertimbangkan dengan adanya tahap konsultasi publik kepada masyarakat yang terdampak.
Namun demikian, dalam praktik pelaksanaan penyusunan AMDAL terdapat beberapa kendala dan keterbatasan, seperti AMDAL cenderung disusun sebagai reaksi terhadap rencana pembangunan dan tidak dapat mengantisipasi pembangunan.
AMDAL tidak dapat mendeteksi dampak kumulatif dari rencana pembangunan beberapa proyek dan seringkali disusun dalam waktu yang sangat cepat sebab adanya keterbatasan pendanaan dan waktu dalam perencanaan pengembangan proyek serta terkadang kurang melibatkan partisipasi publik dalam penyusunannya.
Selain AMDAL dan UKL/UPL, dapat digunakan juga instrumen hukum atau kebijakan yang bersifat lebih makro yaitu KLHS (Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis), tata ruang, instrumen ekonomi untuk perencanaan pembangunan dan kegiatan ekonomi, peraturan perundang-undangan berbasis lingkungan hidup dan anggaran berbasis lingkungan hidup guna mengkaji secara lebih lebih cermat dan komprehensif prakiraan dampak dan risiko lingkungan hidup dari adanya pembangunan PLTA.
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Annisa Nur Fissilmi Kaffah
Referensi:
[1] Energi Terbarukan : Pembangkit Tenaga Air Sumbang Kapasitas Terbesar
[4] Overview Potensi dan Perkembangan Pemanfaatan Energi Air di Indonesia
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