- Saat ini Indonesia memiliki rasio eletrifikasi sebesar 99%,lalu disusul Filipina sebesar 97%, laos sebesar 95%, Kamboja sebesar 81%, dan Myanmar sebesar 51%.
- Menurut Saptadji15, keunggulan lain dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas bumi adalah dalam faktor kapasitas (capacity factor), yaitu perbandingan antara beban rata‐rata yang dibangkitkan oleh pembangkit dalam suatu periode (average load generated in period) dengan beban maksimum yang dapat dibangkitkan oleh PLTP tersebut (maximum load).
Peran PLTP Sebagai Sumber Kebutuhan
Listrik sudah menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dalam menggerakkan pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Beberapa Industri dan rumah tangga sangat tergantung pada pasokan listrik untuk melakukan kegiatannya.Maka dari itu Untuk menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, ketersediaan listrik merupakan salah satu faktor pendorong utamanya.
Perkembangan populasi penduduk Indonesia akan meningkatkan kebutuhan energi. Begitu pula untuk menjamin laju pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan bauran penggunaan energi di Indonesia yang selama ini masih didominasi bahan bakar fosil, maka perlu ada listrik dari sumber yang terbarukan untuk menjamin ketahanan energi Indonesia. PLTPB merupakan salah satu sumber yang terbarukan.
Tidak seperti bahan bakar fosil yang dilakukan dengan pembakaran, pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi hanya menghasilkan sedikit sekali emisi GRK karena tidak ada proses pembakaran sehinga panas bumi termasuk sumber energi yang ramah lingkungan.
Berdasarkan data ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) pada tahun 2021, Indonesia memiliki rasio elektrifikasi sebesar 99%, lalu disusul Filipina sebesar 97%, Laos sebesar 95%, Kamboja 81%, dan Myanmar 51%. Indonesia dan Filipina belum mencapai rasio 100% dikarenakan kondisi negara beebentuk kepulauan. Kondisi ini menjadi tantangan dibandingkan negara-negara ASEAN lainnya yang merupakan daratan sehingga lebih mudah dalam penyaluran listriknya.
Dilansir dari ASEAN Center for Energy, pada tahun 2030 diharapakan tujuh dari ASEAN Member State (AMS) dapat mencapai elektrifikasi rumah tangga 100%. Sementara Kamboja akan mencapai 95%, Laos 98%, dan Myanmar 91%.
Myanmar, yang memiliki tingkat elektrifikasi terendah di antara negara-negara ASEAN dengan tingkat elektrifikasi sebesar 51,7% pada tahun 2020. Namun begitu, Myanmar berkomitmen untuk mengisi kesenjangan sebesar 48,3% dalam waktu kurang dari satu dekade.
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Keuntungan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas
Menurut Asplund (2008)14, kelebihan dari pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:
- biaya pembangkitan listrik cenderung rendah, kompetitif dibandingkan dengan sumber daya berbahan bakar fosil;
- Harga konstan selama masa pakai fasilitas karena tidak ada bahan bakar yang dibeli dan biaya fasilitas sebagian besar tetap;
- Sumber energi konstan sepanjang waktu (tidak intermittent/berselang seperti tenaga angin atau surya); sumber energi terbarukan karena berasal dari inti bumi dan fluidanya disirkulasikan kembali ke bumi;
- Pembangkit listrik panas bumi binary-cycle tidak menghasilkan polusi dan emisi GRK, energi panas bumi dihasilkan secara domestik dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap impor minyak bumi.
Menurut Saptadji15, keunggulan lain dari pembangkit listri tenaga panas adalah dalam faktor kapasitas (capacity factor), yaitu perbandingan antara beban rata‐rata yang dibangkitkan dalam suatu periode (average load generated in period) dengan beban maksimum yang dapat dibangkitkan oleh PLTP tersebut (maximum load). Faktor kapasitas dari sumber tersebut mencapai rata‐rata 95%, jauh lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan pembangkit yang menggunakan batubara, yang besarnya hanya 60‐70%.
Enam belas potensi di Indonesia diperkirakan setara 28 GW. Sumber ini, merupakan energi terbarukan sehingga pemanfaatannya bisa berkelanjutan. Dukungan UU No. 27/2003; kegiatan pemanfaatan panas bumi sejalan dengan upaya pelestarian lingkungan.
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Kelemahan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas
Menurut Asplund (2008) 17, kelemahan energi panas bumi antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:
- Pembangkit listrik panas bumi hanya ekonomis di daerah panas bumi aktif.
- Membutuhkan investasi yang sangat mahal untuk eksplorasi, pengeboran, dan pembangunan pembangkit.
- Pembangunan PLTP dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas tanah di daerah sekitarnya dan aktivitas seismik dapat timbul karena pengeboran sumber panas bumi dapat habis jika tidak dikelola dengan baik.
Kekurangan (weakness) PLTA di Indonesia selain diatas, ada beberapa kendala yang sering kali berdampak pada keberlangusangan masyarakat yaitu:
- Harga listrik panas bumi relatif belum kompetitif dibandingkan dengan harga listrik dari energi lainnya karena biaya belum memperhitungkan tambahan biaya eksternal, seperti lingkungan, tenaga pekerja, dan sebagainya.
- Pada umumnya potensi panas bumi di daerah yang mempunyai keterbatasan infrastruktur di daerah belum adanya peraturan pelaksanaan dari UU No. 27/2003, sehingga belum ada kesamaan pandangan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah mengenai pengelolaan
- Menimbulkan kekhawatiran masih terjadinya monopoli yang bersifat site specific sehingga pemanfaatannya tidak menyebar dengan rata.
- Tidak dapat diperjualbelikan sebagai komoditas sebelum dikonversikan menjadi listrik. Pengusahaan panas bumi harus memperhatikan risiko tinggi dari eksplorasi dan eksploitasi.
Peluang PLTP di Indonesia
Peluang (opportunity) pembangkit listruk tenaga panas bumi di Indonesia antara lain:
- Dapat mengurangi devisa dari pemanfaatan energi berbasis fosil, sehingga dapat meningkatkan ketahanan dalam negeri, adanya krisis listrik dan pertumbuhan permintaan.
- Masih besarnya ketergantungan terhadap BBM yang menyebabkan kendala keamanan pasokan bahan baku nasional.
- Komitmen dunia sesuai dengan Kyoto Protocol untuk mengurangi emisi CO2 dapat dimanfaatkan pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi untuk mengurangi emisi yang signifikan hingga tahun 2020.
- Potensi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi Indonesia sebesar 28.000 MW (sekitar 40% dari cadangan dunia) yang merupakan salah satu yang terbesar di dunia dapat dijadikan sebagai peluang menjadikan Indonesia sebagai center of excellent yang dapat menjadi pusat perhatian bagi investasi, SDM, dan teknologi.
- Tekanan global mengenai lingkungan hidup mendorong pengembangan pemakaian energi baru dan terbarukan melalui rangsangan insentif.
Editor: Nadia Istikomatuz Zulfa
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