- Perubahan iklim memiliki dampak bagi produksi garam.
- Terdapat upaya adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh para petani garam di Desa Donggobolo dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim.
- Serta alternatif usaha yang dilakukan para petani garam di Desa Donggobolo dalam mengadapi perubahan iklim yang terjadi.
Perubahan iklim merupakan tantangan yang harus dihadapi berbagai komponen masyarakat. Dampak perubahan iklim mempengaruhi berbagai sektor dalam skala luas, yaitu global, kontinen, negara. Perubahan iklim juga memiliki pengaruh dalam skala lebih kecil, seperti provinsi, kabupaten, satuan ekologis, satuan mata pencaharian dan rumah tangga.
Perubahan iklim yang ditandai dengan pergeseran awal musim dan perubahan panjang periode musim (hujan maupun kemarau), sebagian besar menyebabkan kerugian bagi masyarakat. Dalam skala rumah tangga, perubahan iklim sangat berpengaruh bagi mereka yang memiliki pekerjaan tergantung pada kondisi iklim dan cuaca, seperti petani garam.
Desa Donggobolo merupakan salah satu desa di Kecamatan Woha, Kabupaten Bima, yang sebagian besar masyarakatnya secara turun-temurun menjadikan garam sebagai sumber mata pencaharian utama. Pembuatan garam di Desa Donggobolo menggunakan model pengembangan gotong royong.
Produksi garam dilakukan menggunakan metode tradisional, berupa pengeringan air laut dalam meja garam dengan bantuan panas secara alami. Proses evaporasi menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi, di mana semakin besar evaporasi terjadi, maka proses pembuatan garam akan berjalan semakin cepat. Proses pembuatan garam umumnya dilakukan mulai awal bulan Juli dan berakhir pada bulan November.
Kondisi Iklim dan Pengaruh terhadap Harga Garam
Iklim merupakan faktor penting dalam proses produksi garam tradisional. Hal ini terjadi karena kondisi iklim dan cuaca mempengaruhi waktu dalam produksi garam serta kualitas garam yang dihasilkan. Kondisi iklim pada musim kemarau di waktu produksi akan menghasilkan produktivitas garam yang optimal dengan hasil kualitas yang baik dibandingkan dengan kondisi musim hujan.
Faktor iklim juga mempengaruhi kualitas tambak garam dan biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk persiapan. Biaya yang digunakan saat musim kemarau lebih kecil daripada musim hujan. Akan tetapi, semakin melimpah produksi garam menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan harga.
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Perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan ketidakpastian kondisi iklim dan cuaca menjadi salah satu penyebab terganggunya kestabilan produksi dan harga garam. Kawasan pesisir Utara Kabupaten Bima mengalami peningkatan anomali iklim yang lebih besar dibandingkan kawasan Selatan. Kondisi anomali tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan durasi dan awal musim bagi petani garam.
Kabupaten Bima mengalami frekuensi kemarau yang tinggi pada tahun 2018 dan 2019, sedangkan musim hujan dengan frekuensi tinggi terjadi pada tahun 2017. Musim hujan panjang dan kemarau panjang memiliki korelasi dengan kecepatan angin, kelembaban udara, serta suhu udara dalam proses evaporasi untuk pengendapan kristal garam. Kejadian hujan 2017 terjadi hampir di semua bulan termasuk pada bulan Juni-November yang merupakan waktu untuk produksi garam. Musim kemarau panjang yang lebih awal dengan durasi yang lebih lama pada tahun 2018 dan 2019 menyebabkan panjangnya waktu produksi garam.
Durasi musim hujan dan kemarau yang panjang memiliki pengaruh terhadap harga garam. Durasi musim hujan yang panjang menyebabkan hambatan pada proses produksi garam tradisional karena rendahnya evaporasi yang terjadi. Hal tersebut menyebabkan semakin besarnya kemungkinan gagal panen sehingga ketersediaan garam menjadi langka dan menyebabkan kenaikan harga. Pada musim kemarau panjang dan evaporasi tinggi, produksi garam dapat dilakukan secara optimal sehingga produksi melimpah dan harga garam mengalami penurunan.
Pola Adaptasi Petani Garam
Pengaruh perubahan iklim yang dipahami masyarakat sangat terbatas. Petani garam di Desa Donggobolo hanya memahami perubahan iklim pada dua fenomena, yaitu pergeseran waktu awal musim dan pertambahan durasi musim (hujan maupun kemarau).
Musim hujan mengacu pada kondisi hujan yang terus terjadi walaupun sudah seharusnya memasuki musim kemarau, sedangkan kemarau panjang meliputi kondisi kemarau yang sudah terjadi meskipun normalnya waktu tersebut masuk ke dalam musim. Petani garam umumnya tidak mengikuti perkembangan cuaca dan iklim sehingga ketika terjadi musim pancaroba atau fenomena iklim tertentu, mereka hanya bisa menunggu sampai kondisi normal untuk menghindari kerugian.
Adaptasi merupakan bentuk respons dari perubahan dan kerentanan di mana semakin tinggi tingkat keberhasilan adaptasi, maka semakin tidak rentan suatu sumber nafkah. Petani garam melakukan beberapa adaptasi terhadap kegiatan produksi garam dalam rangka menekan pengeluaran, maupun meningkatkan pendapatan akibat pengaruh ketidakpastian iklim.
Beberapa bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan petani garam berupa adaptasi iklim dan tenaga produksi, adaptasi dengan pemberhentian produksi, adaptasi strategi nafkah, dan adaptasi teknologi.
1. Adaptasi Iklim dan Tenaga Produksi
Adaptasi iklim dan tenaga produksi merupakan bentuk penyesuaian akan kapasitas dan kemampuan produksi dengan target yang ingin dicapai. Target produksi biasanya bergantung dengan iklim dan harga garam di pasaran.
Durasi hujan yang panjang akan disiasati petani garam dengan mengoptimalkan dan menambah tenaga kerja agar produksi yang dihasilkan dapat meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan harga garam dan kelangkaan stok di pasaran. Pada musim kemarau panjang, harga garam yang turun dengan stok yang melimpah menyebabkan ketiadaan pembeli.
Beberapa petani garam di Desa Donggobolo mengalami ketiadaan pembeli pada tahun 2019 dan tahun 2020 sehingga stok garam mereka menumpuk di gudang. Kemarau panjang biasanya disiasati rumah tangga dengan efisiensi tenaga kerja, yakni hanya kepala keluarga saja yang bekerja di tambak garam.
2. Adaptasi dengan Pemberhentian Produksi
Perubahan iklim dengan kondisi kemarau panjang menyebabkan beberapa petani garam melakukan adaptasi dengan menghentikan produksi. Pemberhentian produksi dilakukan karena ketersediaan gudang, harga dan biaya produksi. Petani garam yang berhenti produksi umumnya masih memiliki stok garam yang penuh di gudang, hasil produksi tahun sebelumnya yang tidak laku terjual.
Harga garam juga menjadi pertimbangan para petani untuk melakukan produksi, di mana harga jual garam tidak sebanding dengan harga produksi. Selain harga garam dalam negeri yang melimpah, keberadaan garam impor juga menghalangi daya serap petani garam untuk memasuki industri.
3. Adaptasi Strategi Nafkah
Perubahan iklim yang mempengaruhi produksi garam pada musim kemarau menyebabkan petani garam melakukan adaptasi lainnya, yaitu dengan mencari alternatif nafkah. Bidang pertanian merupakan alternatif nafkah yang dijadikan tumpuan utama saat produksi garam tidak dilakukan. Komoditas utama yang biasa ditanam adalah padi dan jagung.
Produksi padi di Desa Donggobolo normalnya hanya dapat dilakukan sekali setahun, tetapi usaha pertanian padi dapat dilaksanakan sebanyak dua kali setahun, ketika musim hujan lebih panjang. Beberapa petani garam di kawasan Timur desa mencoba menanam padi dengan bantuan mesin untuk pengairan. Jagung dapat ditanam pada saat musim kemarau panjang dikarenakan kualitas jagung dan batang akan lebih baik. Meskipun bertanam jagung pada saat musim kemarau yang panjang tetap memerlukan biaya untuk pengairan, tetapi harga jagung relatif lebih stabil dibandingkan garam.
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Beberapa pekerjaan lain dilakukan oleh petani garam di luar bidang pertanian, seperti pekerja tambak, pegawai, peternak, pedagang dan pengusaha. Petani garam umumnya memiliki usaha tambak bandeng. Usaha tambak dilakukan di sekitar tambak garam maupun di utara mendekati Teluk Bima. Usaha bandeng biasanya dapat dilakukan sekaligus dengan usaha garam karena dapat mengoptimalkan waktu kerja. Pada pagi hari, petani garam dapat memberikan pakan bandeng terlebih dahulu sebelum kegiatan produksi. Selain itu, budidaya bandeng dipilih karena tidak terlalu terpengaruh oleh musim.
4. Adaptasi Teknologi
Adaptasi teknologi termasuk yang jarang digunakan petani garam di Desa Donggobolo. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan pengadaan teknologi untuk produksi garam yang sebagian besar mengandalkan bantuan oleh pemerintah.
Penggunaan teknologi bantuan seperti geoisolator, pompa air dan alat ukur kadar garam, mampu meningkatkan produksi dan kualitas garam. Pemanfaatan pompa air pada usaha garam merupakan adaptasi teknologi yang paling umum dilakukan.
Di Indramayu, penggunaan teknologi seperti geoisolator menghasilkan garam lebih bersih dan lebih banyak serta meningkatkan pendapatan petani garam. Akan tetapi, hal tersebut tidak berlaku di Desa Donggobolo. Hal ini dikarenakan penggunaan geoisolator dianggap petani garam hanya mempersulit dan membuat rumit proses produksi, sedangkan harga garam yang dihasilkan antara model tradisional dan penggunaan geoisolator tidak memiliki perbedaan.
#zonaebt #serbaterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Rewinur Alifianda Hera Umarul
Referensi:
[1] Pola Adaptasi Petani Garam Akibat Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim di Desa Donggobolo Kabupaten Bima
[2] Cara Alternatif Petani Garam Madura Tetap Produktif di Tengah Perubahan Iklim
[3] Salt Centre Terintegrasi, Inovasi PHE WMO Siapkan Petani Garam di Segala Cuaca
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