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Nyalakan Masa Depan: Menggali Potensi Energi Panas Bumi

energi panas bumi
Sumber: IIGCE.com
  • Energi panas bumi merupakan sumber EBT yang berasal dari dalam bumi.
  • Pengembangan EPB di Indonesia belum optimal.
  • Potensi Energi Terbarukan Indonesia Besar, Tapi Pemanfaatannya Masih Rendah.

Energi panas bumi menjadi sumber energi terbarukan yang sangat berpotensi sebagai pengganti energi fosil. Seperti air panas, uap panas, dan gas, dianggap sebagai sumber energi bersih, ramah lingkungan, terbarukan, dan melimpah.

Para ilmuwan menunjukkan bahwa energi ini cukup dekat dengan permukaan bumi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan secara ekonomis. Hal tersebut membuat beberapa negara berlomba-lomba untuk melakukan eksplorasi energi geothermal. 

Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang tengah aktif mengembangkan sektor EPB sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. Didukung dengan posisi geografis dan kondisi geologisnya, Indonesia telah menjadi negara dengan kekuatan dari sumber tersebut yang terkemuka. Bahkan, Indonesia memiliki 40 persen cadangan panas bumi dunia, sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber daya panas bumi global.

Apa Itu Energi Panas Bumi?

Energi Panas Bumi
Panas Bumi Alam. Sumber: Pixabay.com

Dikenal dengan nama energi geothermal yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani. Dalam bahasa Yunani kata “geo” memiliki arti bumi dan kata “thermal” memiliki arti panas jadi ketika digabungkan kata geothermal memiliki arti panas bumi. Energi panas bumi sendiri dihasilkan dan disimpan di dalam inti bumi. Jika dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar fosil, panas bumi merupakan sumber energi bersih dan hanya melepaskan sedikit gas rumah kaca.

Menurut Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2007, Panas Bumi adalah sumber yang terkandung di dalam air panas, uap air, dan batuan bersama mineral ikutan dan gas lainnya yang secara genetik semuanya tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam suatu sistem panas bumi dan untuk pemanfaatan diperlukan proses penambangan. Tenaga panas bumi (geothermal) merupakan pemanfaatan dari bawah permukaan bumi untuk menghasilkan listrik maupun panas.

Baca Juga

Mengulas Perusahaan-Perusahaan Panas Bumi di Indonesia

Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab Dengan Panas Bumi

Potensi Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Kamojang. Sumber: PLN

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kekayaan energi terbarukan paling variatif. Salah satunya cadangan panas bumi yang potensinya sangat besar. Sekitar 40 persen potensi geothermal dunia ada di Indonesia.

Selain panas bumi, ada juga energi terbarukan lain yang telah dimanfaatkan, yakni tenaga surya dan hidro, walau masih terbatas. Direktur Eksekutif Traction Asia Tommy Pratama menyebutkan, secara total potensi energi bersih yang dimiliki Indonesia adalah sebesar 3.687 gigawatt (GW). Namun, yang baru dimanfaatkan hanya mencapai 12,6 GW atau hanya 0,3 persen dari total potensi yang dimiliki.

“Indonesia memiliki potensi panas bumi salah satu terbesar di dunia, yang baru termanfaatkan sampai hari ini hanya sekitar 10 persen. Jika kita bisa mengembangkan ini, maka diharapkan energi terbarukan semakin kompetitif, terutama listrik dari panas bumi yang bisa lebih murah,” tutur Direktur Eksekutif IESR Fabby Tumiwa.


Indonesia mendorong percepatan transisi energi dengan target bauran Energi Baru dan Terbarukan (EBT) sebesar 23% pada 2025. Kebijakan ini sejalan dengan komitmen untuk mengurangi emisi hingga 32% pada 2030 sebagaimana tertuang dalam Enhanced NDC.

Hingga akhir 2022 bauran EBT masih berada di angka 14,11%.Dalam enam tahun terakhir, tren pertumbuhan bauran EBT cenderung fluktuatif dan stagnan, naik turun sekitar 1-2 persen setiap tahun. Jika tidak ada tindakan, bauran EBT diproyeksikan hanya mampu mencapai kisaran 17% pada 2025, jauh dari target yang ditetapkan.

Tantangan Pengembangan Panas Bumi

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Gunung Salak. Sumber: detikcom

Pengembangannya sebagai energi terbarukan untuk mendukung transisi energi masih terbentur berbagai kendala, antara lain mahalnya biaya pengembangan infrastruktur dan besarnya investasi yang diperlukan. Menurut Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), pengeboran satu sumur panas bumi memerlukan dana sekitar USD 3-5 juta atau setara Rp44,94 miliar hingga Rp74,9 miliar (kurs Rp14.981,5 per USD). Dengan tingkat rasio keberhasilan 30%, perlu pengeboran tiga sumur untuk membangkitkan listrik sekitar 30 hingga 50 MW. Secara keseluruhan, biaya yang dibutuhkan dapat mencapai USD15 juta (sekitar Rp 224,72 miliar).


“Indonesia memiliki potensi panas bumi salah satu terbesar di dunia, yang baru termanfaatkan sampai hari ini hanya sekitar 10 persen. Jika kita bisa mengembangkan ini, maka diharapkan energi terbarukan semakin kompetitif, terutama listrik dari panas bumi yang bisa lebih murah,” tutur Direktur Eksekutif IESR Fabby Tumiwa.


Pengembangan energi panas bumi di Indonesia memerlukan berbagai dukungan, di antaranya kebijakan, regulasi nasional, dan investasi yang bertanggung jawab dan berdampak, yang mempertimbangkan aspek lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi secara bersamaan. Dukungan ini sangat penting agar transisi energi dapat dicapai tanpa menimbulkan dampak buruk apapun terhadap manusia dan planet ini.

Editor: Nadia Istikomatuz Z

Referensi

[1] https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/lintas/id/investasi-ebtke/sektor-panas-bumi/potensi

[2] https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2023/05/04/173100486/potensi-panas-bumi-di-indonesia

[3] https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/bisnis/komoditas/energi-panas-bumi/item268?

[4] https://www.esdm.go.id/id/berita-unit/direktorat-jenderal-ebtke/dirjen-rida-uraikan-tantangan-pengembangan-panas-bumi-kedepan

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