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PLTN Fukushima Buang Limbah Nuklir ke Laut, Apakah Aman?

PLTN Fukushima Daiichi. Sumber: voaindonesia.com
  • Sejauh ini, siklus pembuangan limbah nuklir Jepang telah sampai di gelombang kedua, tepatnya pada tanggal 5 oktober 2023. Tentunya, banyak pihak yang merasa keputusan Jepang sangat berisiko.
  • Pembuangan limbah nuklir ke laut dilakukan karena pemerintah Jepang sudah tidak sanggup menampung air yang terkontaminasi limbah nuklir akibat bocornya reaktor Fukushima. 
  • Sebelum limbah nuklir PLTN Fukushima dibuang ke laut, TEPCO mengatakan bahwa pihaknya telah mengolah air limbah mereka terlebih dahulu

Sobat EBT Heroes pasti sudah tidak asing dengan berita pembuangan limbah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) ke laut oleh Jepang. Pembuangan limbah nuklir tersebut berasal dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir PLTN Fukushima.

Sejauh ini, siklus pembuangan limbah nuklir Jepang telah sampai di gelombang kedua, tepatnya pada tanggal 5 oktober 2023. Tentunya, banyak pihak yang merasa keputusan Jepang sangat berisiko terhadap keamanan biota laut. Ini dikarenakan zat radioaktif dari limbah nuklir yang terkenal mematikan. 

Jepang telah merencanakan pembuangan limbah nuklir Fukushima Daiichi setelah adanya tsunami pada 11 Maret 2011 lalu. Tsunami tersebut menyebabkan hancurnya sistem pendingin PLTN Fukushima. Diketahui bahwa tiga reaktor dari PLTN tersebut meleleh dan menghasilkan radiasi dalam jumlah besar. Hancurnya reaktor Fukushima menyebabkan sekitar 100.000 liter terkontaminasi limbah nuklir. 

Kenapa Limbah PLTN Fukushima Harus Dibuang ke Laut? 

Tsunami 2011 di Jepang membuat reaktor nuklir PLTN Fukushima meleleh. Sumber: bbc.com

Banyak pihak yang bertanya-tanya, apakah Jepang memang harus membuang limbah nuklir mereka ke laut?

Pembuangan limbah nuklir ke laut dilakukan karena pemerintah Jepang sudah tidak sanggup menampung air yang terkontaminasi limbah nuklir akibat bocornya reaktor Fukushima. Melalui CNBC, Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO) selaku penanggung jawab  PLTN Fukushima memompa air untuk mendinginkan batang bahan bakar reaktor nuklir Fukushima yang sempat meleleh. 

Awalnya, air kontaminasi tersebut ditampung di timur laut Jepang. Detailnya, menurut National Geographic, air kontaminasi nuklir tersebut disimpan di sekitar seribu kontainer baja di lokasi tepi pantai. 

Melepaskan air kontaminasi dari tangki-tangki tersebut diklaim dibutuhkan untuk membangun fasilitas baru agar pembangkit listrik Fukushima dapat dinonaktifkan dengan aman. Oleh karena itu, pelepasan air limbah nuklir menjadi praktik rutin yang memang harus dilakukan. 

Baca juga: 

Bahaya Membuang Limbah PLTN Fukushima ke Laut 

Korea Selatan sebagai salah satu negara yang protes terhadap Jepang yang membuang limbah nuklir PLTN Fukushima ke laut lepas. Sumber: reuters.com

Melalui Universal Eco, terdapat sederet bahaya yang berisiko ditimbulkan dari pembuangan limbah nuklir ke laut. Beberapa risiko tersebut antara lain: 

  • Lingkungan yang dapat terkontaminasi. Zat radioaktif dari limbah nuklir dinilai dapat merusak ekosistem laut serta organisme di dalamnya. Kontaminasi limbah nuklir tidak hanya terjadi serentak saat itu juga, tetapi juga bisa tersebar melalui rantai makanan. Alhasil, kontaminasi tersebut dapat menciptakan efek domino yang dapat menciptakan kerusakan secara berkelanjutan. 
  • Mampu mempengaruhi kualitas hidup organisme laut. Radiasi dari zat radioaktif memiliki risiko merusak jaringan biologis yang membuat menyebabkan mutasi genetik. Lebih parahnya lagi, kontaminasi zat radioaktif mampu membahayakan reproduksinya, sehingga berefek pada penurunan jumlah dan kualitas dari organisme laut. 
  • Kesehatan manusia yang dipertaruhkan. Biota laut seperti ikan sering menjadi bahan makanan bagi manusia. Apalagi, cukup banyak negara mengimpor ikan dari Jepang. Mengonsumsi ikan atau sumber daya laut lainnya yang telah terkontaminasi zat radioaktif dapat berisiko menyebabkan penyakit serius. 

Keamanan Kualitas Air Laut Setelah Pembuangan Limbah PLTN Fukushima

Sebelum limbah nuklir PLTN Fukushima dibuang ke laut, TEPCO mengatakan bahwa pihaknya telah mengolah air limbah mereka terlebih dahulu menggunakan metode Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS). Metode pengolahan tersebut membuat tingkat kontaminasi dari limbah nuklir Fukushima menurun sampai memenuhi standar aman World Health Organization (WHO). 

Akan tetapi, menurut International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), metode ALPS masih belum bisa membersihkan air limbah nuklir dari zat tritium. “Tritium tidak dapat dihilangkan oleh sistem ALPS ataupun teknologi industri lainnya,” kata tim IAEA melalui Katadata. 

Namun tetap saja jumlah tritium yang terkandung dalam limbah nuklir Fukushima masih berada dalam batas wajar sesuai dengan standar WHO. Menurut standar WHO, batas kontaminasi tritium yang aman untuk dikonsumsi manusia maksimal 10.000 becquerel/Bq per liter. Sementara itu, menurut Kementerian Ekonomi, Perdagangan, dan Industri Jepang (METI), kadar tritium dalam air limbah Fukushima tidak sampai mencapai 1500 Bq per liter.

Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembuangan air limbah nuklir Jepang masih memenuhi standar keamanan, sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan WHO. 

Baca juga: 

Kelompok Madani Indonesia Sempat Gugat Jepang 

Meski begitu, sejumlah pihak masih memiliki keraguan terhadap keamanan prosedur pembuangan limbah nuklir Fukushima. Contoh pihak yang masih belum puas berasal dari kelompok Madani Indonesia. 

Melalui VOA, Perhimpunan Bantuan Hukum dan HAM Indonesia (PBHI) serta Ekologi Maritim Indonesia (Ekomarin) yang tergabung ke dalam tim Advokasi Masyarakat Perairan Anti Racun (Tim TAMPAR) menggugat pemerintah Jepang melalui pengadilan negeri Jakarta Pusat. Aksi gugatan tersebut dilayangkan pada 22 Februari 2024. 

Marthin Hadiwinata selaku koordinator nasional Ekomarin mengatakan bahwa pihaknya merasa bahwa tindakan pembuangan air limbah Fukushima berdampak secara langsung terhadap ekosistem lingkungan hidup Indonesia.

Apalagi, Indonesia tercatat telah mengimpor 173 biota laut Jepang. Selain itu, gugatan juga disebabkan karena pemerintah Jepang yang dinilai melanggar ketentuan hukum internasional UNCLOS 1982 dan Convention on Nuclear Safety 1994, dimana dalam kedua hukum tersebut, Jepang tidak melaksanakan kewajiban untuk tidak menyebabkan kerusakan pencemaran terhadap negara lain. 

Meski begitu, BRIN tetap menilai bahwa limbah Fukushima masih terbukti aman. Peneliti senior BRIN, Djarot Sulistio Wisnubroto, menyatakan bahwa limbah nuklir Fukushima telah melewati proses pengolahan yang membuatnya aman. Djarot kemudian menyinggung mengenai kadar tritium limbah Fukushima yang tidak melewati standar WHO. 

#ZonaEBT #EBTHeroes #SebarTerbarukan

Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat

Referensi: 

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Zefanya Stephanie Bramantya

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