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Mengenal Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) , Layang Layang Masa Depan Penghasil Energi Listrik

  • AWES (Airborne Wind Energy System) merupakan teknologi baru untuk memanfaatkan energi angin pada ketinggian yang sulit dicapai turbin angin.
  • Terdapat 2 prinsip klasifikasi sistem AWES, yaitu onboard generation and ground generation.
  • AWES yang masih berada dalam tahap prototipe dan komersial awal, memerlukan banyak kajian untuk memetakan kelebihan serta dampak negatifnya.

Selama ini khalayak mengetahui cara untuk memanfaatkan energi terbarukan, khususnya yang bersumber dari energi mekanika angin, adalah dengan memanfaatkan turbin angin. Namun, belakangan ini, diantara teknologi teknologi baru yang muncul di sektor energi terbarukan, suatu konverter energi mekanika angin menjadi energi listrik telah muncul.

Teknologi bernama Airborne Wind Energy Systems atau yang disingkat dengan AWESs, merupakan teknologi konversi energi mekanika angin, menjadi listrik, melalui proyektil terbang seperti layang-layang, hingga pesawat tanpa awak.

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Ide sederhana dari AWESs adalah untuk memanfaatkan sumber energi angin pada ketinggian (200m-10km) dari permukaan, yang tidak dapat dimanfatkan oleh turbin angin tradisional. Faktanya, penelitian tentang AWESs, penelitian tentang AWES dimulai pada pertengahan tahun tujuh puluhan, dengan percepatan yang cukup pesar dalam satu dekade terakhir.

Kini, bahkan Terdapat lebih dari 18 perusahaan global yang tengah menguji AWESs, mulai dari skala prototipe hingga kompersial awal, dengan rentang kapasitas per satu unit pembangkit berkisar dari kiloWatt hingga MegaWatt. Selain itu, asosiasi mengenai Airborne Wind Energy System, juga telah dibentuk di Eropa.

Jenis dan Prinsip Kerja AWESs

Prinsip Kerja AWESs

Secara sederhana, terdapat 2 jenis pemanfaatan energi angin pada sistem AWESs. Pertama adalah on-board generation, dimana produksi energi listrik dilakukan diatas udara, dan sistem ground generation, dimana produksi energi dilakukan di permukaan.

  • Pada sistem on board generation, pada bodi proyektil terbang (layang layang ataupun pesawat nir-awak) terintegrasi turbin generator yang langsung mengkonversi sumber daya mekanik energi angin, menjadi energi listrik di atas udara, kemudian mengirimkan energi tersebut ke grid.
  • Sedangkan pada sistem ground generation, fungsi layang layang atau pesawat nir-awak adalah untuk menarik “kabel” yang terkopel dengan generator yang berada di permukaan tanah, sehingga putarannya menghasilkan energi listrik.

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Terdapat beberapa keuntungan dari sistem AWESs, mulai dari penggunaan bahan baku yang lebih sedikit dari turbin angin. Ukuran yang lebih kompak, minimalis dan modular, sehingga bisa ditempatkan dimana saja.

Produksi daya 24/7 hari, yang dapat diatur, hingga LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) yang cukup murah. Mengingat teknologi AWESs, yang masih dalam tahap prototipe serta aplikasi komersial tahap awal, maka tengah banyak dilakukan kajian dampak pengembangan sistem AWES, terhadap kegiatan aviasi (penerbangan), ekosistem unggas, serta aspek lainnya.

Meskipun begitu, perlu dinantikan eksistensi dari AWES, dengan seluruh prospek menjanjikannya, dalam meningkatkan bauran energi terbarukan pada skala global.

Referensi:

[1] Airborne Wind Energy Systems: A review of the technologies

[2] About Airborne Wind Energy  

Editor : Muhammad Fhandra Hardiyon

Picture of Aditya Perdana

Aditya Perdana

Aditya Perdana is a final-year electrical engineering student with a keen interest in renewable energy and sustainability. In the past, he had to drop out of high school due to his family's unfortunate financial situation, however, he managed to get back up and passed the National Selection Exam to Enter State Universities and became the only student at Udayana University who came from an equivalency education (Paket C). During his college life, he has been taking his chance professionally, obtaining excellent grades, contributing to local communities, and achieving awards ranging from regional to international mostly for innovation in renewables. His passion for renewable and sustainability also translates to his career with over one year of Internship experience in the clean energy sector, ranging from business, NGO, to government. He can be contacted through : https://www.linkedin.com/in/adityaperdanaputra/ https://www.instagram.com/aditya.pppp/

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