- Masalah Plastik di Kehidupan
- Penemuan yang Menakjubkan dalam Mengatasi Plastik
- Solusi Terbarukan terkait Masalah Plastik
Sampah sampah masih menjadi masalah besar dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Plastik berkontribusi dalam masalah yang saat ini menjadi pokok bahasan yang tak akan pernah ada habisnya.
Sampah plastik tidak hanya berdampak buruk terhadap lingkungan, namun juga kesehatan. Hal ini perlu diperhatikan secara matang karena masyarakat masih sangat bergantung pada penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupannya.
Seiring perkembangan zaman dan teknologi yang terus berkembang pesat membuat peneliti menemukan titik terang dalam mengatasi plastik dalam kehidupan sehari hari.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa masih ada harapan dan solusi terbarukan dalam menangani sampah plastik dalam lingkungan kita yang perlu dibahas secara lebih serius dalam masyarakat.
Masalah Plastik dalam Kehidupan
Sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal Science menunjukkan bahwa polusi plastik menyebabkan 24 juta hingga 34 juta ton polusi di lingkungan laut kita setiap tahunnya. Jumlah ini mewakili sekitar 11% sampah plastik dunia.
Sampah plastik yang dulunya berupa jaring ikan dan botol kemasan pada akhirnya dapat terurai menjadi mikroplastik dengan ukuran mulai dari 5 milimeter hingga 100 nanometer.
Situasi ini diperkirakan akan memburuk dalam sepuluh tahun ke depan, menurut para peneliti. Laporan IFL Science menunjukkan bahwa angka ini diproyeksikan meningkat hingga 53 juta hingga 90 juta ton pada tahun 2030.
Pada tahun 2015, jumlah sampah plastik di perairan dan lautan sebanyak 8 juta ton. Indonesia menduduki posisi penghasil sampah plastik terbesar ketiga secara global.
Pada tahun 2020, Indonesia menghasilkan 67,8 ton sampah plastik. Artinya, 270 juta orang menghasilkan 185.753 ton sampah plastik setiap harinya.
Plastik yang tidak terurai sempurna dapat mengakibatkan terbentuknya mikroplastik dan zat beracun lainnya seperti senyawa kimia.
Pembuatan plastik sebagian besar didasarkan pada polietilen, yang merupakan 30% dari seluruh produksi plastik dan menyumbang sebagian besar polusi plastik global.
Saat ini, hanya daur ulang skala besar yang menggunakan proses mekanis untuk menghasilkan produk bernilai lebih rendah.
Jika dibandingkan dengan sampah lainnya, penguraian sampah plastik membutuhkan waktu yang jauh lebih lama dan sinar ultraviolet. Diperlukan waktu antara 20 hingga 500 tahun agar sampah plastik dapat terurai.
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Penemuan yang Menakjubkan dalam Mengatasi Plastik
Penemuan ini dipimpin oleh ahli biologi perkembangan Federica Bertocini dari Universitas Cantabria di Spanyol.
Penemuan ini terjadi setelah seorang peternak lebah amatir, seorang ilmuwan, membersihkan sarang yang terinfeksi dan menemukan bahwa larva mulai memasuki dan memakan kantong sampah plastik.
Dia pertama kali melihat potensi ini dua tahun lalu saat merapikan sarang lebah di halaman belakang rumahnya.
Studi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa air liur serangga bisa menjadi tempat penyimpanan enzim degradasi, yang dapat mengubah penanganan limbah berbahaya, menurut para peneliti.
Larva Galleria mellonella, juga dikenal sebagai cacing lilin, tampaknya memiliki kemampuan untuk mengonsumsi polietilen, yaitu plastik tahan lama yang mudah diproduksi tetapi sulit terurai.
Eksperimen selanjutnya mengungkapkan bahwa cacing tersebut secara kimiawi dapat menguraikan plastik dengan kecepatan lebih cepat dari yang terlihat sebelumnya.
“Sarang lebah saya dipenuhi cacing lilin, jadi saya mulai membersihkannya, memasukkan cacing tersebut ke dalam kantong plastik,” kata Dr Federica Bertocchini, dari Pusat Penelitian Biologi di Madrid.
“Setelah beberapa saat, saya melihat banyak lubang dan kami menemukan bahwa lubang tersebut bukan hanya akibat mengunyah, namun juga [penguraian kimiawi], jadi itulah awal ceritanya.”
“Kita perlu melakukan banyak penelitian dan memikirkan bagaimana mengembangkan strategi baru untuk menangani sampah plastik,” kata Dr Clemente Arias, juga di pusat penelitian Spanyol.
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Solusi Terbarukan Terkait Masalah Plastik
Mereka dikenal sebagai hama karena menyerang dan merusak sarang lebah.Pemancing juga sering menggunakannya sebagai umpan dan umpan reptil.
Para peneliti mengatakan kemampuan larva untuk menghancurkan lilin lebah mungkin menjelaskan kemampuan mereka untuk mendegradasi PE.
“Karena mereka memakan lilin, mereka mungkin telah mengembangkan sebuah molekul untuk memecahnya, dan molekul tersebut mungkin juga bekerja pada plastik,” kata Bertocchini.
Dalam percobaan, cacing tersebut ditempatkan dalam plastik polietilen dan masing-masing menghasilkan rata-rata 2,2 lubang per jam.
Dalam satu malam, 100 cacing lilin memecahkan kantong plastik seberat 92 miligram. Dengan kecepatan seperti ini, dibutuhkan waktu hampir sebulan bagi 100 serangga untuk mengurai kantong plastik rata-rata seberat 5,5 gram.
Meskipun penggunaan air liur cacing lilin tidak banyak digunakan dalam jangka panjang, penggunaan air liur cacing lilin untuk melarutkan plastik merupakan pilihan yang tepat untuk mengurangi limbah.
Dari efektivitas pendekatan ini, serangga kecil ini rupanya menjadi pengingat akan pentingnya keselarasan dengan alam.
Penelitian para ilmuwan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat potensi metode biodegradasi alternatif dan dapat menghasilkan solusi inovatif.
#ZonaEBT #EBTHeroes #SebarTerbarukan
Editor: Bellinda Putri Hidayat
Sumber:
[1] Studi Terbaru: Masalah Sampah Plastik di Bumi Sudah di Luar Kendali
[2] Kenali dan Hindari Bahaya Sampah Plastik
[3] Wax worm saliva rapidly breaks down plastic bags, scientists discover
[4] Nature’s Solution to Plastic Pollution: The Amazing Power of the Wax Worm
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