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Energi Terbarukan: Kunci Produksi Aluminium Ramah Lingkungan oleh Inalum

Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com
(Ilustrasi Hydorelectric Power Site, Sumber: Inalum.id)
  • Inalum memiliki 2 PLTA yang sudah berjalan sejak tahun 1978 dengan kapasitas terpasang 603 MW
  • Inalum memiliki emisi terkecil dari seluruh perusahaan bagian BUMN Holding Industri Pertambangan-Mind ID
  • PLTA Siguragura dan PLTA Tangga bergantung pada debit aliran D

Inalum adalah perusahaan tertua sekaligus pertama di Indonesia yang mendirikan PLTA, meski pokok perusahaan ini adalah produksi aluminium, tapi Inalum tetap bertanggung jawab terhadap lingkungan. Melalui pembangunan PLTA siguragura dan PLTA Tangga yang berada di Sumatera Utara, serta perencanaan penghematan energi sebesar 4340 GJ strategis sampai tahun 2024.

Fakta nyata yang dapat dilihat langsung dari kinerja Inalum yang mempedulikan lingkungan adalah dengan melihat hasil laporan keberlanjutan. Inalum sebagai perusahaan dibawah holdings MIND.ID memiliki produksi dan pemakaian listrik paling tinggi. Tetapi, emisi yang dihasilkan dari Inalum paling sedikit dibanding perusahaan satu group lainnya. Hal ini terjadi karena Inalum mengandalkan PLTA milik mereka sebagai sumber energi.

Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com
Ilustrasi Pemakain Listrik Perusahaan Holdings Mind.id, Sumber: Inalum.id
Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com

Ilustrasi Emisi Perusahaan Holdings Mind.id, Sumber: Inalum.id

Prinsip pembangkit PLTA Inalum adalah memanfaatkan air mengalir dari bendungan dengan ketinggian menuju ke tempat yang lebih rendah sehingga memiliki energi potensial. Sehingga, proses aliran air dalam pipa energi tersebut akan berubah menjadi energi kinetik , lalu menjadi energi mekanik di dalam turbin air, mengakibatkan poros turbin akan berputar. Perputaran tubin inilah yang digunakan untuk memutar generator dan menghasilkan energi listrik.

Sebagai tulang punggung dari pabrik peleburan aluminium. Kedua PLTA Inalum mampu menghasilkan kapasitas 603 MW yang dialirkan ke pabrik peleburan aluminum PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (Inalum). Dimana, pemanfaatan energi listrik untuk produksi 1 ton aluminum membutuhkan kapasitas 14.000 kWh.

Selanjutnya, pablik Inalum akan menangkap aliran listrik dan didistribusikan ke tiga gedung tungku reduksi dan gedung penunjang melalui 6 unit Silicon Rectifier pada masing-masing gedung reduksi dengan kapasitas arus 37 kA dan 800 V. Sebagai informasi, pada 2021 kedua PLTA ini menghasilkan listrik sebesar 4.041.774 MWh dengan tingkat pemakaian sbeesar 4.027.118 MWh.

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PLTA Tangga Inalum

Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com
Ilustrasi Bendungan Busur PLTA Tangga, Sumber: BUMN.go.id

PLTA Tangga yang memiliki bentuk bendungan seperti busur ini adalah PLTA tertua di Indonesia. Bahkan, untuk mengabadikan keberadaan dari PLTA, gambar dari bendungan ditampilkan pada uang kertas 100 rupiah1984. Meskipun keberadaan uang tersebut sudah di tarik peredarannya. Namun, PLTA Tangga tetap berdiri kokoh di antara hutan hijau dan dua aliran Sungai Asahan. Bendungan ini memiliki tinggi 82 meter dan debit air 111,9 meter kubik per detik.

“PLTA Tangga menjadi PLTA milik Inalum dengan kapasitas listrik terbesar, yang mampu menghasilkan 317 MW dari 4 unit generator yang terpasang,” ungkap Deputy Corporate Secretary Unalum Mahyaruddin Ende.

Selain mendapat sebutan PLTA tertua, PLTA Tangga juga menjadi sumber air terjun tertinggi di Indonesia yaitu Air Terjun Ponot atau Siguragura, dengan ketinggi 250 meter.

PLTA Siguragura Inalum

Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com
Ilustrasi PLTA Tangga, Sumber: Inalum.id

Jika PLTA Tangga disebut PLTA tertua, maka PLTA Siguragura disebut PLTA bawah tanah pertama di Indonesia. Tak tangung-tanggung, PLTA ini berada di 200 meter di bawah permukaan tanah.

PLTA siguragura sudah beroperasi sejak 1983 dengan pembangunan selama 5 tahun. Memiliki kapasitas daya 4 x 71,4 atau setara 286 Megawatt (MW). PLTA ini memiliki 3 bendungan, yang pertama adalah bendungan Pengatur di Siruar, berfungsi untuk mengatur kestabilan outflow Danau Toba ke Sungai Asahan dan untuk mensuplai air ke stasiun pembangkit listrik secara konstan. Kedua adalah Bendungan Penadah Air Siguragura yang berfungsi sebagai sumber air yang stabil untuk stasiun pembangkit listrik Siguragura. Terakhir, Bendungan Tangga yang berfungsi untuk memanfaatkan kembali air dari stasiun pembangkit siguragura dan menyuplai air ke PLTA Tangga.

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Cara Inalum Menjaga Debit Air Danau Toba

Inalum Perusahaan Aluminium dengan Energi Terbarukan zonaebt.com
Ilustrasi Pesawat TMC, Sumber: Inalum.id

Sebagai PLTA yang mengandalkan debit aliran Danau Toba, tentu Inalum sangat memperhatikan kondisi dari aliran ini. Inalum senantiasa melakukan pemantauan untuk menghindari kekurangan air bagi masyarakat saat musim kemarau, dan menghindari pemasok berlebih saat musim hujan. Pada saat musim hujan, perusahaan akan bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan merawat kelestarian kawasan Danau toba mulai dari sungai-sungai yang memasok air ke Danau Toba dan Daerah Tangkapan Air Danau Toba hingga ke Daerah Aliran Sungai Asahan. Sedangkan saat terjadi penurunan debit air Danau Toba. Inalum akan bekerja sama dengan BPPT untuk melakukan modifikasi cuaca yang menghasilkan peningkatan tinggi muka air Danau Toba sebesar 8,5 cm dan curah hujan 36,3 persen.

Meskipun tujuan untuk meningkatkan TMA berhasil dilakukan, cara penyamaian garam (NaCl) dan bahan kimia berbahaya ini berdampak secara sosial dan ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekawasan Danau Toba. Yaitu, pada tanggal 13 Mei 2021 terjadi malapetaka bencana hidrometeorologi di Parapat pasca 1 bulan dilakukan modifikasi cuaca, selanjutnya terjadi bencana yang sama dan anomali cuaca di Kapubaten Toba setelah terjadi modifikasi cuaca periode 2.

Menanggapi teknologi modifikasi cuaca PT.Inalum Pejabat teras Pemkab Toba menyatakan PT Inalum sudah kewalahan terhadap kritikan yang sedang bergejolak terhadap konservasi, reboisasi, dan modifikasi cuaca yang sedang berlangsung. Ia pun menyatakan bahwa Pemerintah Kabupaten Toba Tengah berkoordinasi dan akan segera menjadwalkan pertemuan untuk merumuskan dampak-dampak serius dengan lingkungan dan ekosistem.

Kritikan ini terjadi karena dampak yang ditimbulkan dari Inalum. Terlebih, diketahui Inalum tidak mematuhi UU No.17/ 2019 tentang sumber daya air. Sebab Inalum  tidak melakukan tata kelola konservasi dan penghijauan secara konsisten. Meskipun telah diberitakan Inalum melakukan penghijauan sekitar 1.000 hektar dengan menanam 500.000 pohon di 7 kabupaten sekitar Danau Toba, tetapi program ini adalah program baku melalui iuran Biaya Jasa Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air.

#zonaebt #energiterbarukan #sobaheroes

Editor: Himatul Azqiya

Referensi

[1] Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca PT. Inalum (Persero) Pada Daerah Tangkapan Air Danau Toba Akibatkan Masyarakat Di-pusaran Ancaman Bencana Hidrometeorologi

[2] Bendungan dan Pembangkit Tertua Indonesia di Bukit Asahan

[3] INALUM Dukung Program Peningkatan Debit Air Danau Toba

[4] PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

[5] Umur Boleh Bangkotan, tapi PLTA Ini Masih Tokcer Lho

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