- Teknologi CCS berperan penting dalam upaya dekarbonisasi Indonesia untuk mencapai target Net Zero Emission tahun 2060
- Posisi geografis dan banyaknya lapangan migas tua, berpotensi menjadikan Indonesia sebagai pusat CCS/CCUS di kawasan Asia Pasifik
- Emisi yang ditangkap melalui teknologi CCS, memiliki peluang monetisasi dalam bursa karbon Indonesia
Sobat EBT Heroes, tahukah kamu bahwa Indonesia, sebagai salah satu negara dengan sumber daya bahan bakar fosil yang sangat melimpah di dunia, saat ini menghadapi dilema terkait penggunaan bahan bakar fosil sebagai sumber energi.
Pasalnya, bahan bakar fosil, yang masih menjadi sumber energi utama selama ini dan dalam beberapa tahun ke depan, memiliki dampak serius terhadap lingkungan dan perubahan iklim. Emisi CO2 dan gas lain yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil menjadi penyebab utama peningkatan konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer, yang pada gilirannya memicu isu pemanasan global.
Namun, kesadaran akan urgensi mitigasi perubahan iklim telah memotivasi pemerintah Indonesia untuk bertindak. Salah satu langkah konkret yang sedang diupayakan oleh pemerintah adalah melalui pengadopsian teknologi Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) atau Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). Teknologi ini bertujuan untuk menangkap sebanyak 85% emisi CO2 dari pembangkit listrik dan industri besar sebelum mengirimnya ke dalam penyimpanan di bawah permukaan bumi.
Dengan penerapan teknologi CCS, Indonesia mampu mencegah pelepasan besar CO2 ke atmosfer. CCS melibatkan proses penangkapan CO2 dari pabrik industri besar, kompresi, dan penyimpanan permanen di dalam formasi batuan yang sangat dalam.
Hal tersebut tidak hanya menjadi langkah penting dalam upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim, tetapi juga merupakan bagian integral dari visi pemerintah untuk mencapai target Net Zero Emission (NZE) pada tahun 2060, sebagai langkah menuju masa depan energi bersih di Indonesia.
Baca juga
- Potensi Tinggi Dekarbonisasi dan Komersialisasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi
- Pemanfaatan Tenaga Surya: Kurangi Emisi, Hasilkan Komisi
Potensi Indonesia sebagai Pusat CCS/CCUS di Asia Pasific
Menurut Executive Director Indonesia CCS Centre, Belladonna Troxylon Maulianda, Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk menjadi pusat penerapan teknologi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) dan Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) industri hulu migas di wilayah Asia Pacific.
Hal ini didasari oleh lapangan-lapangan migas tua yang dapat digunakan sebagai lokasi penyimpanan CO2, serta posisi strategis Indonesia di tengah-tengah Asia dan Australia.
Potensi besar ini terlihat dari cadangan kapasitas penyimpanan karbon yang mencapai 8 giga ton dari lapangan yang ada, sementara kebutuhan hanya sekitar 2 giga ton, dengan tambahan 400 giga ton yang masih tersedia sebagai CCS tersebar luas. Sebagai hasilnya, Indonesia berpotensi menjadi hub atau pusat utama dalam CCS/CCUS.
CCS adalah teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk menangkap dan menyimpan CO2 dari berbagai industri, sementara CCUS digunakan oleh industri hulu migas untuk menangkap dan menyimpan CO2, serta memanfaatkannya untuk tujuan lain, seperti peningkatan produksi.
Jika Indonesia mampu mengambil kesempatan ini dan berkomitmen pada upaya keberlanjutan, Indonesia dapat menjadi pemimpin dalam pasar CCS dan menginspirasi negara-negara lain untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia.
Hal tersebut merupakan langkah positif untuk mendukung komitmen Indonesia dalam mencapai target Net Zero Emission pada tahun 2060 atau bahkan lebih cepat.
Selain itu, antusiasme perusahaan hulu migas untuk mengembangkan CCS dan CCUS sangat jelas terlihat dalam berbagai kesepakatan kerja sama yang ditandatangani selama gelaran ICIUOG 2023.
Kesepakatan-kesepakatan ini mencakup berbagai aspek, seperti pasokan gas, injeksi CO2, dan kerja sama dalam pengembangan dan pelaksanaan CCS/CCUS.
Indonesia secara penuh mendukung pengembangan CCS dan CCUS di industri hulu migas, sebagaimana tercantum dalam Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral No. 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Penangkapan Karbon Penyimpanan (CCS) dan Penangkapan Karbon Pemanfaatan dan Penyimpanan (CCUS) di industri hulu minyak dan gas.
Peraturan tersebut mencakup berbagai aspek teknis, skenario bisnis, aspek hukum, dan aspek ekonomi untuk pelaksanaan CCS-CCUS.
Selain regulasi, SKK Migas juga sedang mengembangkan Pedoman Tata Kerja (PTK) untuk mengintegrasikan pengembangan CCS-CCUS ke dalam rencana pengembangan lapangan. Pemerintah juga sedang menggodok Perpres mengenai pengembangan CCS dan CCUS.
Dalam upaya mencapai emisi nol bersih pada tahun 2060, implementasi teknologi penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon (CCS) memerlukan dukungan dalam bentuk regulasi, pendanaan yang menarik bagi investor, dan teknologi yang canggih.
Implementasi Teknologi CCS/CCUS Oleh PT Pertamina
Penggunaan teknologi penyimpanan dan injeksi karbondioksida (CO2) menjadi salah satu langkah konkret dalam mendukung upaya pemerintah Indonesia mencapai target Net Zero Emission (NZE) pada tahun 2060, yang sejalan dengan rencana peningkatan produksi minyak dan gas sebanyak 1 juta barel pada tahun 2030.
PT Pertamina (Persero) telah berkomitmen untuk mendukung NZE dengan mengimplementasikan proses penangkapan dan penyuntikan gas CO2 ke dalam sumur minyak melalui teknologi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) dan Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). Kegiatan ini menandai momen penting dalam perjalanan menuju energi bersih di Indonesia.
Proses CCS/CCUS melibatkan penangkapan CO2 dari berbagai sumber, seperti instalasi industri, yang kemudian menjalani tahap pemurnian dan kompresi untuk diangkut ke lokasi injeksi menggunakan teknologi Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
Proses penyerapan karbon terjadi pada fasilitas CO2 Removal Plant melalui reaksi kimia dengan penggunaan media amine (aMDEA).
Teknologi CCS/CCUS yang telah diterapkan di Lapangan Jatibarang merupakan hasil kolaborasi antara Pertamina (Persero), Pertamina EP, dan Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC).
Langkah ini memiliki potensi besar dalam mengurangi emisi CO2 di kawasan Asia Tenggara sebanyak 200 juta ton, sehingga berkontribusi signifikan terhadap pengurangan emisi global.
Lapangan Jatibarang, sebagai salah satu lapangan migas raksasa di Indonesia dengan total produksi mencapai 101,8 MMMbls, memiliki potensi besar untuk menangkap dan menyuntikkan emisi karbon yang berpotensi menjadi gas rumah kaca.
Implementasi teknologi CCS/CCUS oleh Pertamina diharapkan menjadi pilar penting dalam meningkatkan produksi migas sambil menjaga proses keberlanjutan di Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, tahap studi konseptual masih berlangsung, termasuk pemilihan fasilitas injeksi dan teknologi yang akan digunakan.
Selain manfaat lingkungan, penggunaan teknologi CCS/CCUS juga memiliki dampak ekonomi positif. Karbon yang telah ditangkap dan dimurnikan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam berbagai industri, seperti minuman karbonasi, alat pemadam api ringan, industri otomotif, industri kimia, hingga industri pulp dan kertas.
Di Indonesia, teknologi CCS/CCUS diharapkan memiliki potensi besar dalam mengurangi emisi karbon dan mendukung target NZE tahun 2060.
Lokasi-lokasi potensial penyimpanan CO2 telah diidentifikasi, yaitu Asri Basin Saline Formation di Jawa Barat, Kalimantan Timur (Tambora, Nilan, dan Saline Formation), dan Sumatera Barat (Libo Field dan Saline Menggala Formation), yang dapat menjadi pusat-pusat CCS di Indonesia.
Berikut potensi kapasitas penyimpanan karbon di tiga daerah tersebut.
Implementasi teknologi CCS/CCUS merupakan langkah maju dalam mendukung energi bersih, mengejar target dekarbonisasi, dan mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim secara global.
Baca juga
- CCS: Teknologi Minimalisir Carbon Solusi untuk Pemanasan Global
- Jumlah Mekanisme Perdagangan Karbon di Seluruh Dunia Kian Bertambah
Peluang Monetisasi Emisi Melalui CCS dalam Perdagangan Karbon
Indonesia memiliki formasi geologi yang dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan emisi karbon secara permanen melalui teknologi CCS.
Selain itu, posisi strategis Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Pasifik dapat menjadikannya sebagai regional CCS Hub, yang berpotensi menarik investasi, menciptakan lapangan kerja, dan mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi.
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM) telah merencanakan cara untuk memonetisasi emisi yang ditangkap melalui CCS dengan cara diperdagangkan di bursa karbon.
Rancangan Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) dan Peraturan Menteri No 2 Tahun 2023 berkaitan dengan nilai ekonomi karbon (NEK) dan aturan lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan terkait. Hal ini membuka jalan bagi perdagangan emisi karbon di bursa karbon.
Proses perdagangan emisi dimulai dengan pendaftaran dan validasi karbon yang disimpan, diikuti oleh penyusunan laporan hasil, verifikasi, dan penerbitan Sertifikat Pengurangan Emisi (SPE) oleh KLHK sebelum dapat diperdagangkan di bursa karbon.
Meskipun saat ini perdagangan karbon di IDX Carbon belum melibatkan industri minyak dan gas bumi (Migas), potensi perdagangan karbon dari industri Migas diyakini akan meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi CCS.
Terdapat 15 proyek CCS/CCUS yang sedang dikembangkan di seluruh Indonesia, termasuk proyek yang dilakukan oleh BP dan proyek CCS di Blok Masela.
Penerapan CCS juga akan mempengaruhi konsep aktivitas cost recovery dalam skema PSC untuk kegiatan petroleum.
Kementerian ESDM mengusulkan dua skema penyelenggaraan CCS. Di mana, salah satunya melibatkan KKKS Migas di wilayah kerja-nya dan yang lainnya melibatkan Badan Usaha (BU) atau Bentuk Usaha Tetap (BUT) di luar wilayah kerja.
Skema pertama, memungkinkan KKKS Migas memanfaatkan fasilitas operasi perminyakan mereka dan zona target injeksi. Sedangkan, skema kedua melibatkan izin eksplorasi dan izin operasi penyimpanan di Wilayah Izin Penyimpanan Karbon (WIPK).
Dalam kedua skema tersebut, penyelenggaraan CCS dapat dimonetisasi melalui jasa penyimpanan dan royalti atas storage fee.
Tutuka Ariadji, Direktur Jenderal Minyak dan Gas Bumi Kementerian ESDM, menekankan pentingnya pengembangan teknologi CCS agar sektor Migas dapat ikut dalam perdagangan karbon.
Meskipun terdapat beberapa tantangan, seperti tata kelola, regulasi, kerjasama komersial, dan teknologi berskala industri, potensi perdagangan karbon di Indonesia diharapkan besar saat CCS berhasil diimplementasikan.
Makin tahu Indonesia akan potensi teknologi CCS dan pemanfaatan formasi geologi yang dimiliki, akan menjadi landasan kuat bagi negeri ini dalam mengembangkan perdagangan karbon, meminimalisir emisi, dan berkontribusi pada upaya global dalam mengatasi perubahan iklim.
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Nur Wasilatus Sholeha
Referensi:
[1] Karbon yang Ditangkap dengan Teknologi CCS Bisa Dijual di Bursa Karbon
[2] Menilik Lebih Jauh Skema Penyelenggaraan CCS dalam Rancangan Perpres
[3] Memberi Energi Melindungi Bumi, Menangkap Emisi Karbon untuk Indonesia Bersih
[4] Karbon Hasil Tangkapan Teknologi CCS Bisa Dijual di Bursa Karbon
[5] Indonesia Berpotensi Menjadi Sentra CCS-CCUS Hulu Migas di Asia Pasific
[6] Dirut Pertamina: Potensi Penyimpanan Karbon di Indonesia Capai 400 Gigaton
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