- Salah satu penyebab pemanasan global adalah karbon.
- CCS merupakan teknologi untuk menangkap dan menyimpan karbon.
- Saat ini Indonesia tengah mempersiapkan untuk menjalankan CCS.
Pemanasan global adalah masalah yang semakin mendesak yang telah memengaruhi planet kita. Namun, kita tidak sendirian dalam menghadapi tantangan ini. Salah satu solusi yang tengah dikembangkan untuk mengatasi masalah emisi gas rumah kaca, terutama karbon dioksida (CO2), adalah teknologi Penangkapan dan Penyimpanan Karbon (CCS). Teknologi ini merupakan pendekatan komprehensif yang melibatkan pemisahan dan penangkapan CO2 dari sumber-sumber emisi gas buang, pengangkutan CO2 ke lokasi penyimpanan yang aman, dan penyimpanan jangka panjang.
Proses pemisahan dan penangkapan CO2 ini memanfaatkan teknologi absorpsi yang telah digunakan dalam industri selama beberapa waktu. Ini mirip dengan proses produksi hidrogen, yang telah diadopsi baik di laboratorium maupun dalam skala komersial. Setelah CO2 berhasil ditangkap, langkah selanjutnya adalah mengangkutnya ke tempat penyimpanan yang aman. Ini dilakukan melalui penggunaan pipa atau tanker, serupa dengan pengangkutan gas lain seperti LPG atau LNG. Setelah mencapai tempat penyimpanan, CO2 ditanam dalam lapisan batuan di bawah permukaan bumi, sehingga tidak mencemari atmosfer. Selain itu, CO2 juga dapat diinjeksikan ke dalam laut pada kedalaman tertentu sebagai alternatif.
Data dari International Energy Agency (IEA) mengungkapkan bahwa sekitar 56% dari total emisi CO2 di dunia berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Ini terkait dengan sekitar 7500 instalasi besar yang menghasilkan lebih dari 1000.000 ton CO2 setiap tahunnya. Pembangkit listrik batubara adalah penyumbang terbesar, menghasilkan lebih dari 60% emisi tersebut, diikuti oleh pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar gas (PLTG) sebesar 11%, dan pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar diesel (PLTD) sebesar 7%. Sektor industri lainnya juga turut memberikan kontribusi sekitar 3-7% dari total emisi CO2.
Baca juga
- Mengungkap Pentingnya Blue Carbon dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan sebagai Tindakan Pelestarian
- Kontribusi Subsektor Transportasi di Dunia terhadap Emisi Karbon Dioksida
Mengendalikan emisi CO2 dari pembangkit listrik adalah langkah yang sangat penting dalam upaya mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Tantangannya adalah bahwa gas buang dari pembangkit listrik seringkali memiliki tekanan rendah dan konsentrasi CO2 yang rendah, sehingga proses penangkapan CO2 memerlukan penggunaan energi yang signifikan. Untuk membuat teknologi CCS menjadi solusi yang efektif dan efisien, diperlukan penanganan tantangan ini.
Meskipun CCS menjanjikan dalam menangani emisi CO2 dari sumber-sumber besar seperti pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar fosil, masih banyak pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan sebelum teknologi ini dapat diterapkan secara luas. Hal ini mencakup perbaikan dalam teknologi penangkapan, legalisasi, dan pembiayaan. Namun, dengan kerja sama yang kuat, teknologi CCS dapat menjadi bagian integral dari solusi global untuk menghadapi pemanasan global dan melindungi lingkungan kita.
Perkembangan CCS di Dunia
Perkembangan teknologi CCS di seluruh dunia telah membuka jalan bagi proyek-proyek CCS yang ada di Indonesia. Dengan permasalahan terkait harga CCS yang masih tinggi dan persaingan dengan sumber energi terbarukan, tantangan yang dihadapi Indonesia menjadi semakin besar.
Selain itu, proyek CCS yang pernah dijalankan di negara lain, seperti proyek Petra Nova di Amerika Serikat dan PLTU Boundary Dam di Kanada, menunjukkan bahwa capaian penangkapan karbon mereka jauh di bawah target yang dijanjikan, dan bahkan menghadapi berbagai masalah teknis. Proyek Petra Nova, misalnya, hanya berhasil menangkap 16% dari targetnya selama tiga tahun masa operasi. Analisis dari Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) menunjukkan bahwa performa buruk tersebut telah merugikan investor lebih dari $23 juta selama tiga tahun masa operasi proyek.
Dari pengalaman proyek CCS di berbagai negara, Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan kembali penggunaan CCS, terutama di sektor pembangkit listrik. Sebagai gantinya, perlu lebih fokus pada sumber energi terbarukan yang lebih kompetitif.
Di sektor industri, CCS tetap menjadi pilihan yang menjanjikan untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca. Namun, penggunaan CCS harus mempertimbangkan aspek ekonomi dan harga minyak, serta dampak terhadap lingkungan.
Perkembangan CCS di Indonesia
Indonesia saat ini tengah mempertimbangkan penggunaan CCS dan telah mengembangkan peraturan untuk mengatur teknologi ini. Namun, kerjasama yang kuat, baik di tingkat nasional maupun internasional, akan menjadi kunci dalam mewujudkan potensi CCS di Indonesia. Dengan banyaknya proyek kajian CCS/CCUS yang sedang berlangsung di seluruh negeri, Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk menjadi pemimpin dalam implementasi teknologi ini di kawasan ASEAN. Sinergi antara berbagai pihak, termasuk pemerintah, perusahaan, dan lembaga-lembaga terkait, akan sangat diperlukan untuk memajukan CCS dan menjawab tantangan yang dihadapinya.
Dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim, langkah-langkah seperti CCS menjadi semakin penting. Namun, tantangan dan pelajaran yang diambil dari proyek-proyek sebelumnya harus menjadi panduan bagi Indonesia dalam menerapkan teknologi ini dengan bijak dan efisien.
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Tika Sari Safitri
Referensi
[1] Carbon Capture and Storage (3) : Sistem Penangkapan CO2
[2] Penggunaan CCS perlu pertimbangan yang matang
[3] Dukung Pengembangan CCS/CCUS di ASEAN, Indonesia Perlu Percepat Implementasi CCS Hub
[4] ICCSC sebut Indonesia miliki potensi besar terapkan teknologi CCS
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