![](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Biofuel.jpg)
- Sejarah bahan bakar etanol dimulai sejak abad ke-19
- Bahan – bahan untuk membuat etanol merupakan hasil rekayasa tanaman melalui proses enzimatik dan fermentasi.
- Langkah dasar yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi etanol adalah fermentasi jamur khamir, distilasi, dehidrasi, dan denaturasi
Etanol adalah senyawa kimia yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan etil alkohol atau alkohol. Senyawa ini memiliki rumus kimia C2H5OH dan merupakan salah satu jenis alkohol yang paling umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Etanol banyak digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi, termasuk sebagai bahan bakar alternatif untuk kendaraan bermotor, bahan baku dalam pembuatan kosmetik, farmasi, dan juga sebagai bahan pelarut dalam industri.
Sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, etanol umumnya digunakan sebagai campuran dengan bahan bakar fosil seperti bensin dan diesel pada beragam jenis mesin, dengan perbandingan yang bervariasi tergantung pada kebijakan dan spesifikasi kendaraan di setiap negara. Bioethanol memiliki kadar emisi yang rendah, penurunan emisi NO sebanyak 25%-32%, penurunan emisi VOC sebanyak 20%, dan penurunan emisi CO 12%-24%. Emisi CO2 juga lebih rendah, karena setiap mol bioethanol hanya menghasilkan 2 mol CO2. Berbeda dengan bensin yang dapat menghasilkan hingga 8 mol CO2.
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Sejarah Bahan Bakar Etanol
![](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/sejarah-ford-model-t.jpg)
Adapun sejarah dari bahan bakar etanol di dunia telah dimulai sejak abad ke-19, yaitu ketika etanol digunakan sebagai bahan bakar lampu minyak. Kemudian, secara singkat, berikut ini merupakan beberapa momen penting yang ada dalam sejarah bahan bakar etanol, seperti:
- Abad ke-19: Etanol digunakan sebagai bahan bakar lampu minyak. Pada masa ini, etanol dihasilkan dari hasil fermentasi bahan tanaman seperti tebu dan jagung.
- Tahun 1860: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, seorang insinyur Prancis, mengembangkan mobil uap yang dapat berjalan dengan bahan bakar etanol.
- Tahun 1908: Model T, mobil buatan Ford, diluncurkan dengan kemampuan untuk menggunakan bahan bakar etanol maupun bensin.
- Tahun 1920-an: Prohibisi minuman beralkohol menyebabkan produksi etanol beralih ke industri bahan bakar. Pada masa ini, etanol digunakan sebagai bahan bakar mobil dan motor.
- Tahun 1970-an: Krisis minyak global memicu pengembangan bahan bakar alternatif seperti etanol. Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memberikan insentif untuk meningkatkan penggunaan etanol sebagai bahan bakar.
- Tahun 2005: Pemerintah Amerika Serikat meluncurkan program Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) yang menargetkan penggunaan bahan bakar nabati, termasuk etanol, dalam jumlah yang lebih besar.
- Saat ini: Etanol banyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar campuran dengan bensin di seluruh dunia, dengan persentase campuran yang bervariasi tergantung pada kebijakan pemerintah dan spesifikasi kendaraan.
Secara keseluruhan, sejarah bahan bakar etanol menunjukkan bahwa penggunaannya sebagai bahan bakar telah mengalami perubahan dan perkembangan yang signifikan seiring dengan perubahan kebutuhan dan teknologi.
Bahan Baku Pembuatan Etanol
![](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Bioetanol.jpg)
Bahan – bahan untuk membuat etanol merupakan hasil rekayasa tanaman melalui proses enzimatik dan fermentasi. Tanaman yang bisa untuk membuat bioetanol adalah bahan berpati seperti ubi kayu, ubi jalar, jagung, dll. Bahan bergula seperti molases (tetes tebu), nira tebu, nira kelapa, dll. Bahan berselulosa seperti, limbah kayu, jerami padi, batang pisang, dll.
Etanol banyak digunakan di Brasil dan Amerika Serikat. Kedua negara ini menghasilkan 88% dari total bahan bakar etanol yang diproduksi di dunia. Sebagian besar mobil di Amerika Serikat saat ini dapat berjalan dengan bahan bakar yang mengandung etanol hingga 10%, dan penggunaan bensin etanol 10% bahkan diamanatkan di beberapa kota dan negara bagian AS. Dimulai tahun 1976, pemerintah dari Brasil telah mengamanatkan untuk menggunakan bensin
Proses Pembuatan Etanol
![](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/220px-Ethanol_plant.jpg)
Langkah memproduksi etanol melalui fermentasi jamur khamir, distilasi, dehidrasi, dan denaturasi. Sebelum dilakukan fermentasi, beberapa tanaman membutuhkan hidrolisis karbohidrat seperti selulosa dan amilum menjadi gula. Hidrolisis selulosa disebut sebagai selulosis. Enzim digunakan untuk mengubah amilum menjadi gula.
Fermentasi
Etanol diproduksi dengan cara fermentasi mikrob pada gula. Fermentasi mikrob saat ini hanya bisa dilakukan langsung pada gula. Komponen utama dalam tanaman, amilum dan selulosa, dua-duanya terdiri dari gula dan bisa diubah menjadi gula melalui fermentasi. Sekarang ini, hanya gula (contohnya tebu) dan amilum (contohnya jagung) yang masih bernilai ekonomis jika dikonversi.
Distilasi
Jika etanol ingin digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, maka sebagian besar kandungan airnya harus dihilangkan dengan cara distilasi. Tingkat kemurnian etanol setelah didistilasi masih sekitar 95-96%. (masih ada kandungan airnya 3-4%). Campuran ini dinamakan etanol hidrat dan bisa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, tetapi tidak bisa dicampur sama sekali dengan bensin. Jadi, biasanya kandungan air dalam etanol hidrat dibuang habis terlebih dahulu dengan pengolahan lainnya sehingga baru bisa dicampurkan dengan bensin.
Dehidrasi
Pada dasarnya ada 5 tahap proses dehidrasi untuk membuang kandungan air dalam campuran etanol azeotropik (etanol 95-96%). Proses yang pertama, yang sudah digunakan di banyak pabrik etanol sejak dulu, adalah proses yang disebut distilasi azeotropik. Metode lama lainnya yang digunakan adalah distilasi ekstraktif. Metode yang saat ini berkembang dan mulai banyak digunakan oleh pabrik-pabrik pembuatan etanol adalah penggunaan saringan molekul untuk membuang air dari etanol. Teknologi dehidrasi ini diperkirakan dapat menghemat energi sebesar 3.000 btus/gallon (840 kJ/L) jika dibandingkan dengan distilasi azeotropik.
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Sebagai alternatif bahan bakar fosil, bahan bakar etanol memiliki potensi untuk memberikan manfaat yang signifikan bagi lingkungan, ketersediaan energi, dan perekonomian. Etanol dapat mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca, mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar. Dengan demikian, perlu adanya dukungan dari pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan penggunaan bahan bakar etanol sebagai bagian dari solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dan energi di masa depan dan dengan memahami Etanol sebagai bahan bakar pengganti bahan bakar maka sobat ebt heroes akan makin tahu Indonesia di zaman sekarang.
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Editor: Azahra Nabila
Referensi
[3] Ethanol Fuel Grade, Alternatif Baik Solusi Global Warming
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