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PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BAYU? BAGAIMANA CARA KERJANYA?

Gambar 1. Ilustrasi Turbin Angin, photo : pinterest.com
  • Prinsip kerja PLTB adalah dengan memanfaatkan energi kinetik angin yang masuk ke dalam area efektif turbin untuk memutar baling-baling/kincir angin, kemudian energi putar ini diteruskan ke generator untuk membangkitkan energi listrik.
  • Turbin angin skala kecil memiliki kelebihan diantaranya tidak terbatasnya daerah atau lokasi pemasangan turbin angin karena ukurannya yang kecil sehingga dapat ditempatkan di daerah seperti perkotaan.
  • Penggunaan turbin angin membantu mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan melindungi lingkungan.

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin atau sering juga disebut dengan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) adalah salah satu pembangkit listrik energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan dan memiliki efisiensi kerja yang baik jika dibandingkan dengan pembangkit listrik energi terbarukan lainnya. Prinsip kerja PLTB adalah dengan memanfaatkan energi kinetik angin yang masuk ke dalam area efektif turbin untuk memutar baling-baling/kincir angin, kemudian energi putar ini diteruskan ke generator untuk membangkitkan energi listrik.

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Prinsip Kerja PLTB

Gambar 2. Prinsip kerja PLTB, photo : ee.itk.ac.id

1.  Angin yang berasal dari arah tertentu dengan kecepatan tertentu pula datang.

2. Angin yang datang tersebut menggerakkan turbin/ baling-baling.

3. yang terhubung ke generator untuk membangkitkan energi listrik.

4. Prinsip kerja generator berlawanan dengan motor listrik. Motor listrik membutuhkan daya listrik untuk berputar, sedangkan generator akan menghasilkan energi listrik sesuai dengan kecepatan putaran. Energi listrik yang dihasilkan oleh generator diteruskan ke panel kontrol yang menampung dari berbagai generator

5. Untuk kemudian dinaikkan menjadi tegangan tinggi dengan transformator penaik tegangan (transformator step up).

6. Hal ini untuk efisiensi daya dan efisiensi biaya. Karena pada daya yang sama, tegangan lebih tinggi cukup dengan penampang kabel yang lebih kecil (daya= tegangan x arus). Melalui sistem distribusi dengan tiang-tiang tinggi, siap untuk men-suplai kebutuhan listrik rumah tangga dan industri.

7. Setelah sampai pada daerah tertentu, dibutuhkan transformator penurun tegangan (transformator step down) yang disesuaikan dengan tegangan standar untuk rumah/industri.

PLTB di Rumah Apa Bisa??

Gambar 3. Ilustrasi PLTB perkotaan, photo : istockphoto.com

Pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu dapat di aplikasikan dengan skala kecil dengan cara menggunakan turbin sederhana/turbin angin skala kecil. Turbin angin skala kecil memiliki kelebihan diantaranya tidak terbatasnya daerah atau lokasi pemasangan turbin angin karena ukurannya yang kecil sehingga dapat ditempatkan di daerah seperti perkotaan. Dengan menggunakan turbin angin ini, pemilik rumah dapat mengurangi ketergantungan pada energi dari jaringan listrik dan menghemat biaya listrik. Selain itu, penggunaan turbin angin juga membantu mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan melindungi lingkungan.

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Manfaat Pemasangan Turbin Angin di Rumah sebagai PLTB

Gambar 4. Contoh Instalasi Turbin Angin Sederhana, photo : leafscore.com

Turbin angin sederhana dapat menjadi solusi untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan di rumah. Turbin angin ini dapat dipasang di atap rumah atau di halaman belakang untuk memanfaatkan angin yang bertiup. 

Adapun keuntungan yang bisa didapatkan dengan memasang turbin angin sederhana adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Memanfaatkan sumber energi terbarukan dan memiliki dampak yang sangat kecil terhadap alam
  • Menghemat biaya listrik dan mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil
  • Penyediaan energi untuk daerah terpencil yang tidak terjangkau oleh jaringan listrik
  • Meningkatkan nilai properti dengan menambahkan fitur ramah lingkungan
  • Menciptakan pekerjaan dan pendapatan bagi masyarakat sekitar yang terlibat

Langkah Pemasangan Turbin Angin untuk Pembangkit Listrik di Rumah

Gambar 5. Ilustrasi rumah dengan turbin angin, photo : istockphoto.com

Berikut adalah langkah pemasangan turbin angin yang bisa Sobat EBT Heroes praktikkan di rumah:

  1. Mengukur kecepatan angin rata-rata di sekitar rumah agar turbin bisa menghasilkan energi secara maksimal pada lokasi yang tepat.
  2. Mempelajari izin dan regulasi terkait pembangunan turbin angin di sekitar rumah. Hal ini bisa dikoordinasikan dengan pemerintah lokal karena regulasi ini bisa berbeda beda tiap wilayah.
  3. Menentukan lokasi yang tepat untuk membangun menara . Menara bisa di tancapkan di tanah ataupun dipasang di atap rumah. Biasanya, turbin dijual terpisah dengan menaranya sehingga Sobat EBT Heroes perlu membuat sendiri menara yang dimaksud.
  4. Mensterilkan keadaan sekitar menara turbin. Contohnya yaitu memastikan tidak ada objek yang bisa menghalangi angin seperti pepohonan, tembok, tiang listrik, dan objek lainnya.
  5. Jika ada sesuatu yang menghalangi menara maka dua opsi bisa dilakukan, yaitu dengan meninggikan menara atau mengatur ulang lokasi menara agar berjarak dengan objek penghalang tersebut.
  6. Jika menara telah terpasang kuat dan sekitarnya telah steril, maka pemasangan turbin sudah bisa dimulai. Biasanya, turbin dan menara disambungkan melalui beberapa lubang sekrup yang telah di desain.
  7.  Setelah menara dan turbin tersambung, langkah selanjutnya asalah instalasi yang berhubungan dengan sistem kelistrikan.
  8. Hubungkan pengontrol arus ke baterai atau sirkuit. Menghubungkan pengontrol arus ke baterai sebelum menyambungkannya ke turbin akan mencegah korslet.
  9. Sambungkan kabel turbin ke pengontrol arus. Kabel akan mentransfer daya dari generator ke pengontrol arus. Dari sini, listrik kemudian masuk ke baterai atau sirkuit.
  10. Setelah generator tersambung dengan pengontrol daya, langkah selanjutnya adalah menghubungkannya dengan baterai atau dialirkan langsung ke sirkuit.

Selalu minta bantuan ahli listrik profesional saat Sobat EBT Heroes menghubungkan sumber listrik eksternal dengan sirkuit utama rumah. Banyak daerah mengharuskan jasa tenaga profesional berlisensi untuk melakukan jenis pemasangan kabel seperti ini.

Itulah cara kerja pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu (PLTB) dan langkah-langkah memasang turbin angin di rumah agar hemat listrik.

#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes

Editor: Azahra Nabila

Referensi :

[1] Idris, A. R., Siampa, F., Noor, N. A., & Thaha, S. (2020). Rancang Bangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu Sumbu Vertikal. Jurnal Teknologi Elekterika, 17(1), 28-34.

[2] Pengetahuan Teknik Elektro : Bayu si Penghasil Listrik

[3] Yuk, Pasang Turbin Angin Sendiri di Rumah Agar Hemat Listrik!

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TSUMMAS SABIILA YASSAROH

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