- Panel surya adalah sumber energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan dan hemat biaya.
- Panel surya konvensional memiliki efisiensi rendah dan banyak cahaya terbuang.
- Teknologi heterojunction dan tandem solar cells adalah inovasi sel surya yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dengan mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang.
Panel surya merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan dan hemat biaya. Namun, panel surya konvensional masih memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal efisiensi, yaitu kemampuan untuk mengubah cahaya matahari menjadi listrik. Efisiensi panel surya konvensional rata-rata hanya sekitar 15-20%, yang berarti sebagian besar cahaya terbuang sia-sia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan inovasi sel surya yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dengan mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang. Artikel ini akan membahas mengenai teknologi heterojunction dan tandem solar cells, yang merupakan jenis panel surya yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi hingga 30% atau lebih.
Apa itu Heterojunction?
Heterojunction adalah teknologi panel surya yang menggunakan lapisan semikonduktor yang berbeda, yaitu silikon kristal tunggal (c-Si) dan silikon amorf hidrogen (a-Si:H). Lapisan a-Si:H berfungsi sebagai anti-reflektif dan pasivasi permukaan, yang dapat mengurangi refleksi dan rekombinasi elektron pada permukaan c-Si. Dengan demikian, heterojunction dapat meningkatkan efisiensi panel surya dengan menangkap lebih banyak cahaya dan menghasilkan lebih banyak arus listrik. Selain itu, heterojunction juga memiliki ketahanan panas yang baik, sehingga dapat bekerja dengan optimal di berbagai kondisi cuaca. Beberapa contoh panel surya heterojunction yang telah diproduksi adalah Panasonic HIT, LG NeON 2, dan Trina Solar Vertex.
Teknologi heterojunction merupakan inovasi panel surya yang menggabungkan dua jenis silikon yang berbeda, yaitu silikon kristal tunggal (c-Si) dan silikon amorf hidrogen (a-Si:H). Silikon kristal tunggal adalah jenis silikon yang paling umum digunakan untuk membuat panel surya karena memiliki efisiensi yang tinggi dan stabilitas yang baik. Namun, silikon kristal tunggal juga memiliki kelemahan, yaitu mudah kehilangan elektron akibat refleksi dan rekombinasi pada permukaannya. Refleksi adalah pantulan cahaya yang tidak masuk ke dalam sel surya, sedangkan rekombinasi adalah penyatuan kembali elektron dan lubang yang terpisah akibat cahaya. Kedua hal ini dapat mengurangi jumlah cahaya yang dapat diubah menjadi listrik oleh panel surya.
Untuk mengatasi kelemahan ini, teknologi heterojunction menambahkan lapisan tipis silikon amorf hidrogen (a-Si:H) di atas dan di bawah silikon kristal tunggal. Silikon amorf hidrogen adalah jenis silikon yang tidak memiliki struktur kristal yang teratur, tetapi memiliki atom hidrogen yang terikat dengan atom silikon. Atom hidrogen ini berfungsi sebagai anti-reflektif dan pasivasi permukaan yang dapat mengurangi refleksi dan rekombinasi elektron pada permukaan silikon kristal tunggal. Dengan demikian, teknologi heterojunction dapat meningkatkan efisiensi panel surya dengan mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang yang tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh silikon kristal tunggal.
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Apa itu Tandem Solar Cells?
Tandem solar cells adalah teknologi panel surya yang menggunakan dua atau lebih sel surya yang disusun secara seri sehingga dapat menyerap spektrum cahaya yang lebih luas. Sel surya yang digunakan dapat berupa sel surya konvensional, seperti silikon, atau sel surya baru, seperti perovskite. Dengan demikian, tandem solar cells dapat meningkatkan efisiensi panel surya dengan mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang yang tidak dapat diserap oleh sel surya tunggal. Beberapa contoh panel surya tandem solar cells yang telah dikembangkan adalah Oxford PV, Fraunhofer ISE, dan NREL.
Teknologi tandem solar cells merupakan inovasi sel surya yang menggabungkan dua atau lebih sel surya yang berbeda sehingga dapat menyerap spektrum cahaya yang lebih luas. Spektrum cahaya adalah rentang gelombang cahaya yang memiliki energi yang berbeda-beda. Sel surya konvensional, seperti silikon, hanya dapat menyerap cahaya dengan energi tertentu, yaitu sekitar 1,1 elektronvolt (eV). Cahaya dengan energi lebih rendah dari 1,1 eV tidak dapat diserap oleh silikon, sedangkan cahaya dengan energi lebih tinggi dari 1,1 eV akan menyebabkan kelebihan energi yang terbuang sebagai panas. Kedua hal ini dapat mengurangi efisiensi panel surya.
Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, teknologi tandem solar cells menambahkan sel surya baru, seperti perovskite, di atas sel surya silikon. Perovskite adalah bahan baru yang dapat menyerap cahaya dengan energi lebih tinggi dari silikon, yaitu sekitar 1,6 eV. Dengan demikian, teknologi tandem solar cells dapat meningkatkan efisiensi panel surya dengan mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang yang tidak dapat diserap oleh silikon. Selain itu, teknologi tandem solar cells juga dapat menyesuaikan energi yang diserap oleh perovskite dengan mengubah komposisi bahan-bahannya. Hal ini dapat meningkatkan kinerja panel surya di berbagai kondisi cuaca.
Kelebihan dan Tantangan Teknologi Heterojunction dan Tandem Solar Cells
Kedua teknologi ini memiliki kelebihan dalam hal efisiensi, ketahanan, dan fleksibilitas, yang dapat menjawab tantangan energi terbarukan di masa depan. Teknologi heterojunction dapat mencapai efisiensi hingga 22%, sementara teknologi tandem solar cells dapat mencapai efisiensi hingga 30% atau lebih. Kedua teknologi ini juga dapat beradaptasi dengan berbagai kondisi cuaca, seperti panas, dingin, atau mendung. Selain itu, kedua teknologi ini juga dapat dikombinasikan dengan bahan-bahan lain, seperti kaca, plastik, atau logam, untuk membuat panel surya yang lebih tipis, ringan, dan fleksibel.
Namun, kedua teknologi ini juga memiliki tantangan dalam hal biaya, skalabilitas, dan stabilitas, yang memerlukan penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut. Teknologi heterojunction masih memiliki biaya produksi yang tinggi, karena membutuhkan peralatan dan proses yang canggih. Teknologi tandem solar cells juga masih memiliki biaya produksi yang tinggi, karena membutuhkan bahan-bahan yang langka dan mahal, seperti perovskite. Kedua teknologi ini juga masih memiliki masalah skalabilitas, karena membutuhkan ruang yang luas untuk memasang panel surya yang cukup banyak. Kedua teknologi ini juga masih memiliki masalah stabilitas karena rentan terhadap degradasi, korosi, atau delaminasi yang dapat mengurangi kinerja panel surya.
Kesimpulan
Teknologi heterojunction dan tandem solar cells merupakan inovasi sel surya yang mengoptimalkan cahaya terbuang untuk meningkatkan efisiensi. Kedua teknologi ini memiliki kelebihan dalam hal efisiensi, ketahanan, dan fleksibilitas, yang dapat menjawab tantangan energi terbarukan di masa depan. Namun, kedua teknologi ini juga memiliki tantangan dalam hal biaya, skalabilitas, dan stabilitas yang memerlukan penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut.
#ZonaEBT #SebarTerbarukan #EBTHeroes
Editor: Ken Hitana Prakarsi
Referensi:
[1] The 5 Most Exciting New Solar Panel Technologies in 2022
[2] The Conversation. (2024). Solar panels News, Research and Analysis
[3] Lab Manager. (2019). How Project Management Helps You Keep Up With Laboratory Project
[4] Oxford PV. (2024). Oxford PV – The Perovskite Company
[5] Perovskite tandem solar cells with improved efficiency and stability
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