![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2023-12-28-133826.png)
- Letak Islandia berada di mid-atlantic ridge atau punggung tengah samudera atlantik dan batas lempeng tektonik menyebabkan Islandia kaya akan panas bumi.
- Masyarakat juga turut memanfaatkan energi panas bumi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
- Krisis minyak global memaksa Islandia beralih ke energi bersih.
Secara geografis, Islandia terletak di persimpangan Atlantik Utara dan Samudera Arktik dengan satu pulau utama serta beberapa pulau kecil di sekitarnya. Secara Astronomis, Islandia berada di antara 63°-68°LU dan 25°-13°BB. Suhu rata-rata di negara ini sekitar -3°C — 4°C pada musim dingin dan 17°C —23°C pada musim panas.
Islandia juga sering disebut sebagai “negeri api dan es”. Es yang dimaksud berasal dari sebagian besar salju dan gletser yang menutupi permukaan wilayah negara tersebut, sedangkan api berasal dari wilayah vulkanik dan panas bumi yang bersarang di bawah permukaannya.
Islandia menjadi pionir dalam energi baru terbarukan, sebanyak 90 persen kebutuhuan energi utama dipenuhi dengan sumber energi bersih. Perpaduan antara kondisi geologi dan lokasi di utara inilah yang memberi negara ini akses luas terhadap energi terbarukan.
Berada pada Posisi Geografis yang Menguntungkan
Islandia diketahui memiliki sumber geothermal yang melimpah berkat posisi geografisnya yang unik. Letaknya yang berada di wilayah mid-atlantic ridge atau punggung tengah samudera atlantik dan batas lempeng tektonik menyebabkan Islandia kaya akan panas bumi. Energi panas bumi atau geothermal energy berkontrobusi secara masif terhadap pasokan energi di Islandia. Energi bersih tersebut dinilai sangat efisien dan bermanfaat bagi lingkungan.
Saat ini, Islandia telah berhasil memanfaatkan panas bumi yang begitu melimpah untuk memenuhi hampir 30% kebutuhan energi di negaranya. Sumber panas bumi di negara ini sebagian besar didapat dari pengeboran pada lempeng keretakan mid-atlantic ridge sedalam 1.000 m hingga 4.659 m. Terdapat enam pembangkit listrik terkenal dan terbesar di islandia, di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Hellisheidi
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2023-12-28-161314.png)
Pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi ini adalah salah satu dari sepuluh pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi terbesar di dunia. Menghasilkan listrik sebesar 303 MW dan energi panas sebesar 400 MW. Pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi Hellisheidi dikembangkan di area seluas 13.000 m² (139.930,8 kaki²) di Hengili. Pembangkit listrik ini sudah beroperasi sejak tahun 2006.
2. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Nesjavellir
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Nesjavellir-Geothermal-Power-Station-1024x683-1.jpeg)
Nesjavellir adalah proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi berkapasitas 120 MW. Terletak di wilayah barat daya islandia. Pembangkit ini mulai beroperasi sejak tahun 1987.
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3. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Reykjanes
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Reykjanes.jpg)
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Reykjanes mulai beroperasi sejak tahun 2006 dan memiliki kapasitas sebesar 100 MW. Namun, bulan Mei 2023 lalu telah resmi mulai beroperasi secara komersial dan mengembangkan cara untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya lebih lanjut melalui kerja sama dengan banyak ilmuwan panas bumi Islandia, sehingga kapasitas energi listrik yang dihasilkan meningkat menjadi 130 MW.
4. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Svartsengi
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/svartsengi-power-station-1.jpg)
Pembangkit Listrik Svartsengi terletak di dekat kota Grindavik dan dekat Bandara Internasional Keflavik. Pembangkit Listrik Svartsengi dibangun dalam enam tahap antara tahun 1974 hingga tahun 2008 dan merupakan salah satu pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi pertama di Islandia. Energi yang dihasilkan di Pembangkit Listrik Svartsengi ini mencapai 76,5 MW.
5. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Krafla
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2023-12-28-181829.png)
Pembangkit listrik ini dibangun oleh pemerintah Islandia yang berlokasi di wilayah timur laut Islandia. Krafla sempat mengalami perselisihan politik selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi proyek ini resmi berjalan kembali dengan total kapasitas energi 60 MW pada tahun 1997.
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- Turkey is Introducing Geothermal Greenhouses for Agricultural Land
- Inisiasi Pengembangan Proyek Teknologi Panas Bumi Pada Momen Percepatan Transisi Energi G20
6. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Peistareykir/Theistareykir
![Islandia: Negara Dingin Akrab dengan Panas Bumi. zonaebt.com](https://zonaebt.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2023-12-28-183049.png)
Pembangkit Listrik Panas Bumi Peistareykir mulai beroperasi pada tahun 2017 dan berada di bagian selatan padang rumput Reykjaheidi. Pembangkit listrik ini memiliki kapasitas energi sebesar 45 MW.
Warga Sipil di Islandia Turut Memanfaatkan Panas Bumi dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari
Saat ini, hampir 100 persen listrik yang dikonsumsi di negara kecil berpenduduk 330.000 jiwa ini berasal dari energi terbarukan. Selain itu, perekonomian Islandia, mulai dari penyediaan pemanas dan listrik untuk rumah keluarga hingga memenuhi kebutuhan industri, sebagian besar didukung oleh energi bersih dari sumber air dan panas bumi.
Kehidupan masyarakat di Islandia juga dikelilingi banyak sumber panas bumi di sekitar mereka. Namun, panas bumi tersebut memiliki suhu yang relatif rendah dan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai penghasil listrik. Masyarakat memanfaatkan sumber panas bumi tesebut untuk pemanas ruangan (mencakup 90 persen dari seluruh energi yang digunakan untuk pemanas rumah), air panas domestik, kolam renang, pencairan salju, industri, rumah kaca, dan budidaya ikan. Sembilan dari setiap sepuluh rumah penduduk di sana dihangatkan langsung dengan energi panas bumi.
Awal Mula Islandia Menggunakan Panas Bumi
Meskipun saat ini Islandia sudah hampir 100 persen menggunakan energi bersih, sebelumnya negara ini juga menggunakan minyak dan energi konvensional lainnya untuk keperluan energi. Dilansir dari laman energytransition.org, Islandia sempat berada dalam kondisi yang terpuruk dan miskin. Masyarakat juga pemerintahnya masih bergantung pada lahan gambut dan mengimpor batu bara dan minyak untuk menggerakkan beberapa industri, pemukiman yang tersebar, dan pemanas rumah. Hingga pada tahun 1970an, terjadi krisis minyak global yang membuat Islandia juga terpaksa merasakan dampaknya.
Perlahan-lahan, pemerintah Islandia mulai memanfaatkan energi hidro dan panas bumi yang melimpah di wilayah mereka. Lalu, mereka memulai secara bertahap transisi energi bersih ini ke lapisan masyarakat. Hal tersebut tentunya belum bisa diterima secara langsung oleh sebagian besar masyarakat, membuat pemerintah akhirnya terpaksa tidak bisa lagi memberikan subsidi minyak kepada masyarakat.
Kemudian, pada tahun 1990, Islandia resmi berubah. Selama 25 tahun berikutnya penggunaan panas bumi meningkat sebesar 1.700 persen. Hingga saat ini, Islandia terus berkomitmen menggunakan energi bersih.
#zonaebt #serbaterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Ni Luh Nyoman Vitari Amritaning Ati
Referensi:
[1] https://www.islandsstofa.is/en/news/green-by-iceland—90-of-house-heating-in-iceland
[2] https://askjaenergy.com/iceland-renewable-energy-sources/hydro-and-geothermal-history/
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