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Mengenal Bagian-bagian Penting dalam Planet Kehidupan

ilustrasi bumi sebagai planet kehidupan
Ilustrasi bumi sebagai planet kehidupan. Sumber: freepik.com
  • Bumi merupakan planet kehidupan karena di dalamnya mencakup komponen-komponen hidup.
  • Terdapat berbagai bagian-bagian penting yang dimiliki oleh Bumi dan mempengaruhi keberlangsungan kehidupan di permukaannya.
  • Geografi kehidupan menjadi salah satu bagian penting yang menjadikan Bumi sebagai planet kehidupan.

Sobat EBT Heroes, kita pasti tahu bahwa planet kita, Bumi, merupakan planet yang sangat unik dan istimewa di dalam sistem tata surya. Bagaimana tidak? Sejauh yang kita ketahui, Bumi adalah satu-satunya planet yang memiliki kehidupan di dalamnya.

Ketersediaan air dan oksigen adalah dua ciri khas Bumi. Air menutupi sekitar 71% permukaan bumi, dan sebagian besar air tersebut berada di lautan di planet kita. Sekitar seperlima atmosfer bumi terdiri dari oksigen yang diproduksi oleh tumbuhan.

Selain itu, yang membedakan Bumi dari planet lain di tata surya kita, dan mungkin galaksi bahkan alam semesta, adalah banyaknya organisme biologis. Dunia kita adalah dunia yang hidup. Tempat kita berbagi bumi dengan jutaan spesies makhluk hidup lainnya dalam berbagai bentuk, mulai dari bakteri mikroskopis hingga paus biru raksasa.

Kita berbagi planet ini dengan hampir sembilan juta spesies hidup lainnya. Spesies-spesies ini membentuk dunia kehidupan. Dunia kehidupan mencakup komponen-komponen Bumi yang hidup. Namun, kapan sesuatu dianggap hidup?

Saat ini, sesuatu dianggap hidup jika memenuhi tujuh kriteria berikut: a) mampu menelan nutrisi; b) mampu berkembang; c) bernafas; d) memiliki indra dan bereaksi terhadap rangsangan; d) mampu melakukan beberapa jenis gerakan; e) mampu bereproduksi; dan f) mengeluarkan limbah.

Bumi menjadi tempat yang cocok untuk menampung kehidupan karena Bumi berada pada jarak yang tepat dari Matahari. Sehingga, air dalam bentuk cair tetap stabil dalam volume yang signifikan sepanjang masa hidup planet ini. Ia mempunyai bahan kimia yang tepat untuk kehidupan (misalnya air dan karbon), dan siklus kimia (seperti antara bagian dalam planet dan lautan akibat vulkanisme dan aktivitas geologi lainnya) menyediakan jalur kimia bagi kehidupan untuk mengekstraksi energi agar dapat bertahan hidup. Faktor tambahan yang memungkinkan terjadinya evolusi kehidupan kompleks adalah atmosfer yang kaya oksigen, dan perlindungan dari radiasi Matahari melalui medan magnetnya.

Lalu, apa saja bagian-bagian penting dari bumi sebagai planet kehidupan? Yuk, simak penjelasan berikut!

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Geografi Planet Kehidupan

ilustrasi biogeografi di Indonesia
Ilustrasi Komodo sebagai salah satu contoh geografi planet kehidupan. Sumber: freepik.com

Geografi adalah studi tentang suatu tempat. Ahli geografi membagi geografi menjadi dua kategori besar: geografi manusia dan geografi fisik. Geografi manusia berkaitan dengan batas-batas politik dan sistem sosial yang dikembangkan oleh manusia, sedangkan geografi fisik berkaitan dengan lanskap dan proses alam.

Salah satu contoh geografi fisik ialah geografi kehidupan atau yang biasa disebut sebagai biogeografi. Biogeografi adalah studi tentang distribusi geografis organisme hidup. Biogeografi berkaitan dengan beberapa bidang ilmu di luar geografi, seperti ekologi (ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi organisme) dan biologi (ilmu yang mempelajari kehidupan). Bidang-bidang ini secara kolektif disebut sebagai ilmu kehidupan. Migrasi, adaptasi, tekanan lingkungan, dan proses evolusi apa yang memengaruhi tempat tinggal tumbuhan dan hewan. Misal, Komodo yang hanya bisa dijumpai di Indonesia.

Ekosistem Planet Kehidupan

ilustrasi ekosistem
Ilustrasi ekosistem Planet kehidupan. Sumber: freepik.com

Ekosistem menggambarkan komunitas yang hidup. Ini adalah kategori yang memperhitungkan semua organisme hidup di suatu wilayah dan interaksinya satu sama lain serta lingkungan fisiknya. Ada banyak hal yang berperan dalam suatu ekosistem: rumput mengambil nutrisi dari tanah dan sinar matahari; binatang yang memakan rumput; hewan memakan hewan lain; serta dekomposisi. Ekosistem penting karena semua kehidupan bergantung padanya, termasuk kita manusia. Kita tidak hidup dalam ruang hampa. Makanan yang kita makan, sumber daya yang kita gunakan, dan udara yang kita hirup merupakan komponen dari berbagai ekosistem.

Ekosistem dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok utama yang berbeda. Salah satunya adalah ekosistem dunia atau ekosistem global, yang merupakan unit biogeografis terbesar. Ekosistem dunia ini dapat disebut sebagai bioma. Bioma termasuk hutan hujan tropis, hutan hujan beriklim sedang, padang rumput beriklim sedang, padang rumput sabana, gurun, kutub, terumbu karang, dan masih banyak lagi.

Meskipun bioma dan wilayah biogeografis serupa, wilayah biogeografis lebih memperhitungkan geografi fisik, dibandingkan habitat, komunitas, dan kondisi kehidupan tumbuhan dan hewan.

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Komponen-komponen Planet Kehidupan

contoh komponen abiotik sinar matahari
Ilustrasi sinar Matahari sebagai komponen abiotik dalam planet kehidupan. Sumber: freepik.com

Dunia kehidupan juga mencakup dua komponen utama, yaitu komponen abiotik dan komponen biotik. Faktor abiotik mengacu pada semua benda mati, yaitu faktor kimia dan fisik yang ada di atmosfer, hidrosfer, dan litosfer. Sinar matahari, udara, curah hujan, mineral, dan tanah adalah beberapa contoh faktor abiotik. Faktor-faktor ini mempunyai dampak yang signifikan terhadap kelangsungan hidup dan reproduksi spesies dalam suatu ekosistem.

Contoh abiotik biasanya bergantung pada jenis ekosistem. Misalnya saja komponen abiotik pada ekosistem darat antara lain udara, cuaca, air, suhu, kelembaban, ketinggian, tingkat pH tanah, jenis tanah dan lain-lain. Contoh abiotik dalam ekosistem perairan antara lain salinitas air, kadar oksigen, tingkat pH, laju aliran air, kedalaman air, dan suhu. Tanpa jumlah sinar matahari yang cukup, organisme autotrofik mungkin tidak dapat bertahan hidup. Ketika organisme ini pada akhirnya mati, maka akan terjadi kekurangan pangan bagi konsumen primer. Efek ini mengalir ke rantai makanan, mempengaruhi setiap organisme. Akibatnya, hal ini menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan ekosistem.

Sementara itu, komponen biotik berkaitan dengan semua makhluk hidup yang ada dalam suatu ekosistem. Komponen biotik berhubungan dengan semua makhluk hidup di ekosistem. Keberadaannya dan produk samping biologisnya mempengaruhi komposisi suatu ekosistem. Komponen biotik mengacu pada semua organisme hidup mulai dari hewan dan manusia, hingga tumbuhan, jamur, dan bakteri. Interaksi antara berbagai faktor biotik diperlukan untuk reproduksi setiap spesies dan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penting seperti makanan, dan lain sebagainya. Contoh sumber daya biotik mencakup semua komponen kehidupan yang ada dalam suatu ekosistem. Ini termasuk produsen, konsumen, pengurai dan detritivora.

Sobat EBT Heroes, kita pasti sudah paham mengapa Bumi disebut sebagai planet kehidupan dan bagian-bagian penting apa saja yang dapat dijumpai dalam planet kehidupan. Oleh karena itu, kita harus selalu menjaga kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati planet kita tercinta. Sebab, kita semua mempunyai peran dalam membangun masyarakat yang ramah lingkungan dan melindungi planet ini demi kesehatan semua orang.

#zonaebt #serbaterbarukan #ebtheroes

Editor: Ni Luh Nyoman Vitari Amritaning Ati

Referensi:

[1] Mengapa Bumi Memiliki Kelayakan Utama Sebagai Planet Kehidupan? Ini Jawabannya….

[2] Pengertian Biogeografi dan Aspek yang Dapat Mempengaruhinya

[3] Ekosistem: Pengertian, Komponen dan Macam

[4] Mengenal Komponen Biotik dan Abiotik Beserta Contoh

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