- Penyerapan karbon oleh hutan berbeda-beda mengikuti jenis hutan tersebut.
- Hutan primer mangrove Indonesia memiliki daya serap karbon yang berbeda-beda di tiap wilayahnya.
- Upaya dalam melestarikan hutan primer mangrove, di antaranya mengurangi deforestasi hutan.
Sobat EBTHeroes, menurut data FAO atau Food and Agriculture Organization, Indonesia memiliki salah satu kawasan hutan tropis terluas di dunia, dengan luas sekitar 95 juta hektar. Hal ini sudah semestinya disyukuri dan juga dilakukan upaya pelestarian agar mampu menyerap emisi dari polusi yang dihasilkan.
Namun, Hutan Indonesia mengalami ancaman akibat terjadinya deforestasi. Menurut data Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) Indonesia, luas hutan negara ini berkurang sekitar 6,02 juta hektar sejak tahun 2000 hingga tahun 2020.
Hutan tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai habitat asli hewan maupun tumbuhan yang ada di sana. Namun, hutan berperan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem dan perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim dapat terjadi oleh pemanasan global berupa meningkatnya emisi karbon.
Menurut data dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Hak Kehutanan, hutan mangrove primer mempunyai daya serap emisi karbon lebih tinggi dari kategori hutan yang lainnya. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Indonesia juga mengungkapkan bahwa per Desember 2021, luas ekosistem mangrove atau bakau di Indonesia mencapai 3,63 juta hektare (Ha) atau 20,37% dari keseluruhan populasi dunia. Tiga provinsi yang menjadi daerah ekosistem terbesar, yaitu Papua (1,63 juta Ha), Sumatra (892,835 Ha), dan Kalimantan (630.913 Ha).
Pada pengelolaan hutan memiliki kemampuan berbeda-beda dalam penyerapan emisi dan harus memperhatikan beberapa hal seperti kategori hutan itu seperti hutan primer dan hutan sekunder. Lalu, apa bedanya hutan primer dan hutan sekunder? Bagaimana pengaruh dari kategori hutan tersebut serta apa saja upaya yang bisa kita lakukan dalam pelestariannya? Simak artikel berikut ini!
Baca Juga :
Apa itu hutan primer?
Hutan primer merupakan hutan yang ditumbuhi tanaman dan pepohonan yang lokal dan tumbuh asli di wilayah tersebut. Hutan primer tidak dijamah oleh manusia serta masih terjaga kelestariannya. Sementara itu, hutan sekunder merupakan hutan yang sudah terjamah oleh manusia dan beberapa di antaranya dalam tahap reboisasi atau penghijauan ulang.
Pohon mangrove merupakan tumbuhan yang hidup secara unik karena hanya hidup di wilayah tertentu, yaitu daerah pasang dan surutnya air laut. Daerah tersebut cenderung berlumpur dan memiliki tingkat salinitas tinggi (tingkat keasinan). Di Indonesia, tumbuhan ini dapat dengan mudah ditemukan di daerah pesisir pantai. Tumbuhan ini hidup di kondisi tropis dan subtropis. Beberapa jenis pohon mangrove, di antaranya seperti pohon api-api (Avicennia spp.) dan bakau (rhizophora spp.)
Mangrove ini memiliki banyak manfaat, di antaranya mengurangi abrasi dan erosi air laut, menyerap emisi seperti karbon, dan sebagai tempat habitat bagi hewan sekitarnya.
Bagaimana hutan karbon primer bekerja?
Daerah pertumbuhan mangrove tidak seluas tumbuhan lainnya. Akan tetapi, pertumbuhannya memiliki dampak yang besar terhadap kemampuan dalam penyerapan emisi karbon. Hutan mangrove primer merupakan hutan yang berisikan tumbuhan mangrove alami dan tidak terjamah oleh manusia.
Penelitian dari Danoto tahun 2011 menyebutkan, mangrove merupakan tumbuhan yang hidup efisien dan mampu menyerap emisi karbon 4x lebih banyak dibandingkan jenis pohon pada umumnya. Hutan mangrove dalam siklus hidupnya tidak terlepas dari karbon, tumbuhan ini menggunakan karbon dioksida sepanjang hidupnya untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan daun, akar, dan batang.
Pohon mangrove melakukan penyerapan emisi sama seperti sistem tumbuhan lainnya yaitu fotosintesis. Fotosintesis dapat menghasilkan cadangan energi untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada tumbuhan. Kemampuan tinggi tembakau dalam menyerap karbon dilihat dari struktur daun yang lebar dan tipis serta akar pada pohon ini juga mampu menyerap emisi yang ada di dalam air laut.
Ketika pohon mangrove ini sudah mati, maka daun, akar, batangnya akan mengendap menjadi sedimen yang mengandung banyak karbon. Penelitian oleh (Costa dkk, 2022) menyatakan bahwa pohon mangrove mampu menyimpan karbon dalam jangka waktu lebih dari 5.000 tahun jika tanpa ada gangguan eksternal.
Karbon yang tersimpan oleh hutan mangrove dalam jumlah yang banyak jika terjadi kerusakan seperti penebangan atau penebasan lahan makan karbon yang ada di sedimen lumpur dapat lepas menjadi emisi karbon.
Beberapa ancaman bagi hutan pohon tembakau, yaitu:
- pengeringan hutan untuk mendapatkan tambahan lahan pembangunan
- mengubah hutan menjadi budidaya tambak ikan atau sawah
- penebangan berlebihan untuk industri atau konsumsi seperti rokok.
Baca Juga :
Proyek Blue Carbon
Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk pelestarian ekosistem laut dan sekitarnya dapat dengan cara menerapkan proyek Blue Carbon. Blue Carbon bertujuan untuk mengurangi perubahan iklim akibat emisi karbon.
Proyek Blue Carbon mencakup habitat laut dan pesisir termasuk hutan mangrove, rumput laut, lamun, dan lainnya yang berperan penting dalam penyimpanan emisi karbon.
Beberapa contoh Proyek Blue Carbon yang dapat dilakukan:
- pemulihan hutan mangrove, dapat dilakukan dengan penanaman kembali bibit tembakau (rehabilitasi) di wiliayah yang telah mengalami krisis hutan. Metode lain seperti membuat lahan utama untuk membuat persemaian atau bibit tembakau. Diketahui di Kabupaten Jember terdapat daerah persemaian yang memiliki lahan seluas 3.093 meter berisikan bibit bakau jenis Rhizopora sp.
- Pemeliharaan lahan basah. Lahan basah, seperti rawa asin dan rawa gambut, juga merupakan ekosistem karbon biru yang penting. Lahan basah dapat menyimpan hingga 2.000 ton karbon per hektar. Proyek pemeliharaan lahan basah dapat dilakukan dengan mencegah drainase dan degradasi lahan basah
- Pengelolaan terumbu karang. Terumbu karang juga merupakan ekosistem karbon biru yang penting. Terumbu karang dapat menyimpan hingga 50 ton karbon per hektar. Proyek pengelolaan terumbu karang dapat dilakukan dengan melindungi terumbu karang dari kerusakan, seperti penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan dan polusi.
Sekian ulasan dari manfaat hutan primer beserta cara untuk melestarikannya. jadi makintahuindonesia dan sekitarnya!
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #makintahuindonesia #EBTHeroes
Editor: Ni Luh Nyoman Vitari Amritaning Ati
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