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Biomassa: Cara Cerdas Mengubah Sampah Menjadi Energi

Big Biomass | Biomassmagazine.com
Pemanfaatan Biomassa Menjadi Energi Listrik (sumber: biomassmagazine.com)
  • Pengenalan tentang Biomassa
  • Briket sebagai bahan bakar dari Biomassa
  • Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa (PLTBm

Kita tidak bisa mengabaikan perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini. Kondisi bumi semakin memprihatinkan akibat perubahan iklim tersebut. Selain itu, sumber energi konvensional seperti batubara, minyak, dan gas bumi semakin berkurang, dan tidak bisa diperbaharui kecuali dalam jangka waktu yang sangat panjang.

Berbagai upaya internasional pun diambil untuk masala tersebut, salah satunya dengan beralih dari energi konvensional ke energi baru terbarukan. Indonesia termasuk negara yang serius dalam mengeksekusi hal ini. Berbagai macam potensi EBT di Indonesia telah dimanfaatkan, apalagi didukung dengan potensi Biomassa di Indonesia yang sangat melimpah.

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Mengenal Biomassa

Ilustrasi Sumber Dan Produk Biomassa (sumber: freepik.com)

Biomassa pada dasarnya adalah sumber energi yang berasal dari sisa-sisa makhluk hidup, mirip dengan energi fosil. Bahan organik yang terbentuk melalui proses fotosintesis, baik berupa produk atau buangan. Contohnya seperti tanaman, pohon, ubi, rumput, kotoran hewan, tinja, limbah pertanian, dan lain-lain. Biomassa yang digunakan sebagai sumber energi biasanya adalah limbah organik yang nilai utamanya telah dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan lain sehingga ekonomisnya rendah.

Dengan memanfaatkan limbah sebagai bahan bakar, kita akan mendapatkan tiga manfaat yaitu meningkatkan efisiensi energi secara umum, menghemat biaya, dan mengurangi tempat pembuangan sampah terutama di kota-kota yang lahan kosongnya lebih sedikit daripada di desa-desa.

Walaupun sama-sama berasal dari bahan organik, ternyata biomassa sangat berbeda dengan batubara. Perbedaan tersebut terletak pada proses pembentukannya. Biomassa dapat terbentuk dalam waktu yang relatif cepat, sedangkan batubara perlu proses selama berjuta-juta tahun hingga dapat terbentuk. Makanya salah satu keunggulan sumber energi biomassa dibanding batubara adalah dapat diperbarui sehingga dapat menyediakan sumber energi secara berkesinambungan.

Pemanfaatan Biomassa Melalui Briket

Ilustrasi Pengguaan Briket Biomassa Sebagai Bahan Bakar (sumber: freepik.com)

Briket adalah salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk mengkonversi sumber energi biomassa ke bentuk biomassa lain dengan cara dimampatkan sehingga bentuknya menjadi lebih teratur. Briket yang terkenal adalah briket batubara namun tidak hanya batubara saja yang bisa dibuat menjadi briket. Contoh biomassa lain yang dibuat menjadi briket adalah sekam, arang sekam, serbuk gergaji, serbuk kayu, dan limbah-limbah biomassa yang lainnya. Briket mempunyai banyak manfaat, yaitu sebagai alternatif bahan bakar pengganti energi fosil, harga yang murah dan tahan lama, mengurangi polusi gas udara, serta mengurangi sampah masyarakat.

Adapun cara membuat Briket Biomassa adalah sebagai berikut:

  1. Langkah pertama adalah menjemur bahan organik yang akan digunakan (contoh: bonggol jagung dan batok kelapa) yang sudah dibersihkan sampai kering.
  2. Kemudian, tumbuk bonggol dan batok kelapa yang sudah kering sampai berukuran kecil.
  3. Lalu, bakar bonggol jagung, batok kayu, dan tambahkan serbuk kayu di dalam kaleng sampai menjadi arang. Arang yang sudah jadi bisa ditumbuk sampai halus.
  4. Selanjutnya, siapkan tepung kanji yang sudah dicampur sedikit air, lalu panaskan dengan api sedang.
  5. Larutan tepung kanji bisa dicampurkan pada bubuk arang yang halus. Aduk rata larutan tepung kanji dengan arang halus, lalu cetak ke dalam cetakan padat.
  6. Setelah berhasil dicetak dengan padat, briket harus dijemur hingga kering. 
  7. Setelah kering dengan sempurna, briket siap untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar.

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Pembangkit Litsrik Tenaga Biomassa

Biomassa : Rekayasa Siklus Karbon sebagai Energi Terbarukan
Ilustrasi Cara Kerja Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa (sumber: kaskus.co.id)

Selain digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, biomassa juga digunakan sebagai pembangkit listrik. Prinsip kerja PLTBm ini sebenarnya hampir sama dengan prinsip kerja PLTU, yaitu menggunakan energi panas untuk menguapkan air yang dapat memutar turbin. Bedanya, PLTU menggunakan batubara yang tidak terbarukan, sedangkan PLTBm menggunakan Biomassa yang terbarukan dan dapat dengan mudah ditemukan. Adapun cara kerja PLTBm secara rinci adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Pemilahan dan Pencacahan Sampah

Tahap awal yang perlu dilakukan adalah memisahkan sampah basah dan kering menggunakan Floating tank atau metode lain karena sampah yang kering dan basah tidak dapat digunakan sekaligus. Setelah dipilah, sampah dicacah menggunakan mesin pencacah (Shredder) agar ukurannya sama. Untuk sampah basah akan dilakukan proses pengeringan, kemudian dicacah dengan Shredder.

  • Pembakaran sampah

Sampah selanjutnya dimasukkan ke dalam tangki reaktor gasifer. Suhu pada proses pembakaran awal adalah 100°C sampai 200°C. Pada proses pembakaran selanjutnya, limbah dimasukkan kedalam pirolisa bersuhu 200°C sampai 500°C. Selanjutnya dilakukan oksidasi yang menghasilkan gas CO dan energi panas, suhu yang digunakan pada proses ini 1200-1400°C. Panas yang digunakan untuk memanaskan boiler berasal dari proses pembakaran sampah. Dalam proses ini, air dalam boiler akan dipanaskan hingga menguap. Setelah itu, uap yang dihasilkan akan dialirkan untuk menggerakkan turbin. Turbin yang bergerak dihubungkan dengan generator, sehingga energi gerak dari generator berubah menjadi energi listrik.

  • Proses Setelah Pembakaran

Proses pembakaran Biomassa hingga menghasilkan listrik masih memiliki beberapa sisa pembakaran berupa abu. Abu ini nantinya akan diangkut melalui kendaraan untuk kemudian dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut. Biasanya sisa pembakaran ini digunakan sebagai kompos mengingat abu ini bisa menyuburkan tanah dan tanaman.

#zonaebt #energiterbarukan #sobatebtheroes

Editor: Himatul Azqiya

Referensi

[1] Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa – Pengertian, Sumber, Cara Kerja, Kelebihan & Kekurangan

[2] Menarik, 4 Fungsi Briket dan Cara Membuatnya

[3] Apa itu Biomassa & Jenisnya: Pengertian Biogas, Ethanol, Biodiesel

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