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Alur Pembuatan RDF, Bahan Bakar Alternatif dari Sampah

Padatan Refused derived fuel, Sumber: talif.id
  • Pengembangan teknologi RDF di Indonesia sebagai energi alternatif memiliki potensi sangat besar ke depannya karena memanfaatkan sampah dari rumah masyarakat yang sampai saat ini sulit teratasi.
  • Potensi ini membuat RDF digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber energi oleh industri yang dalam prosesnya terdapat pembakaran menggunakan bahan bakar fosil batu bara seperti pabrik semen dan PLTU.
  • Proses pembuatan RDF dari sampah terdiri atas 4 tahapan utama, yaitu proses pemecahan (crushing), pengeringan (drying), pemisahan dan pemecahan kembali (sorting and crushing), dan pemadatan (solidtying). 

Sampah merupakan bahan yang terbuang dari hasil aktivitas manusia maupun proses alam yang tidak memiliki nilai ekonomi lagi, bahkan dapat menimbulkan dampak yang negatif. Selama ini sampah kota menjadi salah satu masalah lingkungan yang memerlukan penanganan yang sangat serius. Masalah yang sering muncul dalam penanganan sampah kota yang terus bertambah jumlahnya adalah biaya operasional yang tinggi dan semakin sulitnya ruang yang pantas untuk pembuangan, sehingga dalam penanganan sampah kota sering menimbulkan dampak yang buruk terhadap lingkungan.

Refuse Derived Fuel

RDF atau Refused Derived Fuel merupakan teknologi pengolahan sampah melalui proses homogenizers menjadi ukuran yang lebih kecil. Hasilnya sebagai sumber energi terbarukan dalam proses pembakaran, sebagai pengganti batu bara.

Pengolahan sampah bertujuan untuk menurunkan kadar air hingga <25% dan menaikkan nilai kalornya setelah sebelumnya dicacah terlebih dahulu untuk menyeragamkan ukurannya menjadi 2-10 cm. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan RDF ini sering disebut sebagai keripik sampah.

Dengan kapasitas pengolahan 140 ton sampah/hari, RDF yang dihasilkan sebanyak 48,40 ton/hari (34,58%) dengan nilai kalor 3.217 kcal/kg, sehingga memiliki potensi energi sebesar 155.702.800 kcal/hari. Potensi ini membuat RDF digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber energi oleh industri yang dalam prosesnya terdapat pembakaran menggunakan bahan bakar fosil batubara seperti pabrik semen dan PLTU. 

RDF Pertama di Indonesia

TPST RDF Cilacap. Sumber: greeners.co

Pengembangan teknologi RDF di Indonesia sebagai energi alternatif memiliki potensi sangat besar ke depannya karena memanfaatkan sampah dari rumah masyarakat yang sampai saat ini sulit teratasi. Kalor yang dihasilkannya pun memiliki nilai kalori sangat baik bila dibandingkan dengan batubara.

Cilacap merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Jawa Tengah yang pertama kali di Indonesia memanfaatkan refuse derived fuel. Pembangunan RDF yang berada di Cilacap ini melibatkan berbagai kementerian seperti Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR), Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), Kedutaan Besar Denmark-DANIDA, Pemprov Jateng, Pemkab Cilacap dan PT Solusi Bangun Indonesia (SBI) yang sebelumnya bernama Semen Holcim.

Baca Juga

RDF di Kabupaten Cilacap ini dimanfaatkan oleh pabrik semen PT. Solusi Bangun Indonesia (PT. SBI) yang dihargai sebesar Rp 300.000/ton menjadi masukan bagi Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD).

Bahan pembuatan berasal dari sampah segar yang datang ke TPST dengan diangkut oleh dump truck. Setelah diketahui berat dari catatan di jembatan timbang, sampah kemudian dibongkar dan dituang pada area picking bay untuk dilakukan pemilahan oleh mitra pekerja lingkungan atau yang biasa kita kenal sebagai pemulung.

Setelah beberapa saat berada pada tahapan pemilahan, sampah diangkut menggunakan wheel loader menuju shredder untuk dicacah menjadi berukuran standar 2-10 cm. Selanjutnya dengan menggunakan hopper conveyor, hasil cacahan sampah dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor biodrying untuk dikeringkan hingga kadar airnya di bawah 25% serta menaikkan nilai kalor yang semula di bawah 700 kcal/kg menjadi 3.200 kcal/kg. 

4 Tahapan Pembuatan RDF

Alur Pengolahan Sampah menjadi RDF
Alur Pengolahan Sampah menjadi RDF. Sumber: mongabay.co.id

Terdapat 4 tahapan utama dalam proses pembuatan RDF, di awali dengan proses pemecahan (crushing), pengeringan (drying), pemisahan dan pemecahan kembali (sorting and crushing), dan pemadatan (solidtying). Sebelum melalui rangkaian proses, sampah dari tempat pembuangan dimasukkan ke dalam penampungan sebelum diolah menjadi RDF.

Baca Juga

1. Pemecahan (crushing)

Tahap pertama adalah proses pemecahan sampah dengan mereduksi ukuran sampah. Menurut Dumbaugh dalam United States Patent bahwa ukuran RDF sekitar 6 inci dan dapat direduksi lagi sampai ukuran 2 inci.

2. Pengeringan (drying)

Selanjutnya hasil dari proses ini dialirkan gas bertekanan tinggi yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan kadar air dan menghilangkan bau busuk pada sampah.

3. Pemisahan dan Pemecahan Kembali (sorting and crushing)

Tahap ketiga adalah pemecahan dan pemisahan komponen yang tidak dapat diolah. Pemecahan ini bertujuan untuk mereduksi kembali sampah yang telah dikeringkan dan dipisahkan dari kandungan besi dan aluminium menggunakan sistem pemisahan magnetik sehingga besi dan aluminium akan terpisahkan dari proses. Selain itu pada proses ini sampah dicampur CaO untuk membunuh mikroorganisme pembusuk.

4. Pemadatan (solidtying)

Tahap terakhir dari proses pembuatan teknologi iniadalah dengan memadatkan kembali RDF yang dihasilkan dengan mesin pemadat. Padatan RDF yang dihasilkan dapat berupa pelletatau briket dengan densitas tinggi, memiliki tingkat kekuatan yang baik, lebih stabil, homogen dan tahan lama. Jika diestimasikan, sebanyak 750 ton sampah dapat menghasilkan 120 – 192 ton RDF.

#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes

Editor: Annisa Nur Fissilmi Kaffah

Referensi :

[1] Energi Alternatif dari Sampah

[2] Himawanto, D. A., Saptoadi, H., Rohmat, T. A., & Indarto, I. (2010). Pengolahan Sampah Kota Terseleksi Menjadi Refused Derived Fuel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Padat Alternatif. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 11(2), 127-133.

[3] Pertama di Indonesia, Sampah RDF Jadi Pengganti Batu Bara

[4] Refuse Derived Fuel, Si Keripik Sampah Sumber Energi

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