Jakarta, 31 Januari 2024 – Dewan Energi Nasional (DEN) tengah menggodok
pemutakhiran Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 79 Tahun 2014 tentang Kebijakan
Energi Nasional dengan rancangan kebijakan baru (RPP KEN) yang tengah dibahas
dengan DPR. DEN menjadwalkan RPP KEN akan rampung pada Juni 2024. Target
energi baru terbarukan (EBT) yang terangkum pada RPP KEN dibuat berdasarkan
asumsi tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi sebesar 4-5 persen menyesuaikan Pasca-COVID
dan menyetarakan energi nuklir sebagai energi terbarukan. Hasilnya, RPP KEN
menetapkan target bauran EBT di 2025 turun dari sebelumnya 23 persen menjadi 17-19
persen. Sementara, target EBT di 2050 meningkat dari 30 persen menjadi 58-61 persen
dan di 70-72 persen pada 2060.
Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR) memandang penurunan target bauran
energi terbarukan menjadi 17-19 persen pada 2025 dan 19-21 persen pada 2030
menyiratkan lemahnya komitmen untuk melakukan transisi energi dan saratnya
kepentingan untuk mempertahankan energi fossil. IESR justru memandang tahun 2025
hingga 2030 sepatutnya menjadi tonggak penting lepas landasnya transisi energi di
Indonesia dengan pencapaian target energi terbarukan lebih dari 40 persen dan puncak
emisi sektor energi di 2030. Capaian bauran energi terbarukan yang ambisius di dekade
ini penting agar bisa menyelaraskan emisi GRK Indonesia sesuai dengan target
Persetujuan Paris untuk membatasi kenaikan rata-rata temperatur global di bawah 1,5
derajat Celcius.
Sementara itu, terlambatnya menggenjot bauran EBT sebesar 38-40 persen di 2040 akan
membuat Indonesia tidak meraup manfaat yang lebih besar dari pengembangan energi
terbarukan, di antaranya harga listrik yang lebih murah dan kompetitif untuk jangka
panjang, rendahnya emisi listrik di grid yang menjadi daya tarik investasi, berkembangnya
industri manufaktur dan rantai pasok energi terbarukan dalam negeri dan penciptaan
kesempatan kerja dari energi terbarukan yang lebih besar. Rendahnya bauran energi
terbarukan menuju 2030, juga dapat mengurangi daya tarik investasi luar negeri ke
Indonesia, pasalnya, industri dan perusahaan multinasional saat ini sudah gencar untuk
memastikan kebutuhan energi mereka dipasok dari sistem kelistrikan yang rendah emisi
dan akses penuh pada energi terbarukan.
Fabby Tumiwa, Direktur Eksekutif IESR menyebutkan penetapan target bauran energi
terbarukan yang rendah di 2025 dan 2030 ini tidak sejalan dengan target bauran energi
terbarukan dalam kesepakatan Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) yang membidik
44 persen pada 2030.
“JETP telah menyepakati target bauran energi terbarukan di atas 34 persen di 2030 dan
target ini selaras dengan rencana RUKN yang dibahas berbarengan dengan
Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan (CIPP) tahun lalu. Target bauran energi
terbarukan yang diusulkan DEN membuat kredibilitas arah kebijakan transisi energi
Indonesia diragukan oleh investor dan dunia internasional. Ketimbang menurunkan target
dengan alasan realistis, DEN seharusnya lebih progresif untuk melakukan transisi energi.
Sebagai lembaga yang dipimpin Presiden, DEN justru dapat membongkar
hambatan-hambatan koordinasi, tumpang tindih kebijakan dan prioritas untuk membuat
energi terbarukan dan efisiensi energi melaju kencang,” ungkap Fabby Tumiwa.
IESR memandang strategi dalam RPP KEN seperti pengoperasian PLTN berkapasitas
250 MW di 2032 dan penggunaan CCS/CCUS pada PLTU yang masih beroperasi pada
2060 ini belum didasarkan pada kelayakan teknis dan ekonomis di Indonesia sampai saat
ini. PLTN dengan kapasitas kecil dari 300 MWe, small modular reactor, masih belum
tersedia teknologi yang terbukti aman dan ekonomis. Indonesia sendiri masih harus
membangun infrastruktur institusi (NEPIO), kesiapan regulator, standar keamanan, serta
ketersediaan teknologi SMR yang sudah teruji, serta persetujuan masyarakat, sebelum
mulai membangun PLTN.
Adapun aplikasi CCS/CCUS pada PLTU hingga saat ini masih menjadi solusi mahal dan
tidak efektif untuk menangkap karbon, walaupun teknologi ini sudah dikembangkan
puluhan tahun. Contoh proyek CCS di Boundary Dam Kanada dan juga di PLTU
Petranova di US menunjukan masalah teknis untuk memenuhi target penangkapan
karbonnya dan keekonomiannya tidak layak.
Deon Arinaldo, Manajer Program Transformasi Energi IESR menuturkan Indonesia akan
terbeban dengan biaya penerapan CCS pada PLTU yang mahal, biaya operasional yang
rentan volatilitas serta tidak berkelanjutan. Sedangkan pembangunan PLTN menjadi
antiklimaks di tengah menurunnya kapasitas PLTN dunia setelah tragedi nuklir di
Fukushima.
“Pada dekade ini, seharusnya strategi mitigasi emisi GRK Indonesia pada sektor energi
dapat difokuskan pada pembangunan teknologi energi terbarukan dan energy storage
yang sudah terbukti dapat menyediakan energi dengan biaya kompetitif dengan PLTU
batubara yang masih dapat subsidi. PLTS (energi surya) dan PLTB (energi angin) secara
waktu konstruksi dapat dilakukan dengan cepat, sehingga pekerjaan rumah yang perlu
diperbaiki adalah bagaimana menyiapkan pipeline proyek-proyek yang siap untuk
diinvestasikan serta proses pengadaan di PLN,” jelas Deon.
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