- Sektor makanan berkontribusi 25% emisi gas rumah kaca secara global
- Jejak karbon makanan tinggi karena penggunaan dan penebangan lahan, serta emisi metana
- Climate diet solusi menekan tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca dari akar rumput
Sobat EBT Heroes, tahukah kamu jika produk makanan yang kita konsumsi ikut berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca secara global, loh! Jejak karbon makanan atau foods carbon footprint merupakan emisi gas rumah kaca yang timbul sepanjang siklus hidup makanan, mulai dari tahap pertanian hingga pembuangan.
Secara global, produksi makanan menyumbang sekitar 13,7 miliar metrik ton emisi gas rumah kaca, yang merupakan seperempat (25%) dari total emisi gas rumah kaca di seluruh dunia.
Hal tersebut terjadi karena besarnya perubahan lahan, seperti konversi lahan untuk pertanian atau ladang, yang melepas simpanan karbon dalam tumbuhan dan mengganggu asupan karbon di masa depan, serta membahayakan ekosistem juga hewan.
Baca juga
- Karbon pada Tanaman Bisa Jadi Solusi Sumber Energi di Tengah Krisis Iklim?
- Bursa Karbon: Pasar Sekunder Jual Beli Kredit Karbon
Dalam produksi makanan, terdapat empat sektor utama yang berkontribusi pada emisi gas rumah kaca, yaitu peternakan dan perikanan (31%), produksi tanaman (27%), penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian (24%), dan rantai pasokan makanan (18%). Berikut data empat sektor utama dalam produksi makanan yang berkontribusi terhadap emisi gas rumah kaca.
Berikut data 6 jenis makanan dengan jejak karbon tertinggi di dunia.
Daging
Menurut Our World in Data (2020), daging sapi potong memiliki dampak besar terhadap jejak karbon makanan. Setiap kilogram daging sapi potong menghasilkan sekitar 60 kilogram emisi gas rumah kaca (kgCO2e). Selain itu, produk makanan hewani lainnya, seperti domba dan kambing juga memiliki dampak terhadap lingkungan yang tinggi, yaitu menghasilkan sekitar 24 kgCO2e per kilogram daging.
Tingginya dampak lingkungan dari konsumsi daging sapi disebabkan oleh dua faktor utama, yaitu penggunaan lahan dan emisi metana. Ternak membutuhkan lahan yang luas untuk merumput dan mencari makanan. Untuk menciptakan lahan yang cukup besar, peternak seringkali membuka atau membakar hutan dan lingkungan alam lainnya, yang mengeluarkan sejumlah besar gas rumah kaca.
Ekosistem ini sebelumnya bertindak sebagai penyerap karbon dengan menangkap karbon dioksida dari atmosfer dan menyimpannya. Menghancurkan habitat-habitat ini mengeluarkan gas-gas yang sebelumnya tertangkap dan mencegah penyerapan emisi di masa depan.
Selain itu, daging sapi juga menghasilkan gas metana dalam jumlah besar saat mencerna rumput dan biji-bijian, melalui proses yang disebut fermentasi enterik. Meskipun ini adalah proses alami pada sapi, namun dampaknya sangat signifikan bagi lingkungan. Gas metana yang berkontribusi sebanyak 49 persen pada emisi daging sapi, jauh lebih kuat sebagai gas rumah kaca dibandingkan karbon dioksida dalam jangka pendek.
Keju dan Susu
Sumber utama emisi gas rumah kaca yang signifikan lainnya dalam sektor makanan adalah produksi keju dan susu yang diperoleh dari sapi perah. Setiap kilogram keju atau susu yang dihasilkan oleh sapi perah menghasilkan sekitar 21 kgCO2e.
Meskipun keduanya berasal dari jenis sapi yang sama, namun sapi yang ditujukan untuk produksi daging memiliki tingkat emisi GRK yang lebih tinggi. Hal tersebut dikarenakan sapi potong memerlukan lebih banyak lahan untuk berkeliaran.
Akan tetapi, produksi keju dan susu tetap menjadi penyumbang emisi GRK utama, dengan melepaskan lebih dari 30 kg gas rumah kaca per kilogram produknya. Selain itu, proses produksi keju juga berdampak negatif pada lingkungan, karena tingkat konsumsi air yang sangat tinggi. Sebab, diperlukan sekitar 1.000 galon air hanya untuk memproduksi satu ons keju saja.
Cokelat
Emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dihasilkan oleh satu kilogram cokelat sangatlah tinggi, mencapai 19 kg CO2e. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tingginya emisi yang terkait dengan produksi kakao, terutama ketika kakao tersebut tidak diperoleh dari sumber yang berkelanjutan.
Permintaan coklat yang terus meningkat di seluruh dunia telah mendorong banyak perusahaan untuk menebang hutan hujan, yang berperan sebagai penyerap karbon penting, demi menanam pohon kakao.
Dalam kondisi ini, rata-rata satu kilogram kakao bisa melepaskan sebanyak 34 kilogram GRK ke atmosfer. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengadopsi praktik budidaya kakao yang berkelanjutan guna mengurangi dampak lingkungan yang merugikan.
Baca juga
- Ekosistem Karbon Biru: Mengapa Penting untuk Perlindungan Lingkungan?
- Pohon Penyerap Karbon Terbesar: Potensi Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim
Kopi
Emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dihasilkan oleh satu kilogram kopi juga cukup tinggi, sekitar 17 kg CO2e. Hal ini serupa dengan coklat, di mana produksi kopi yang tidak berkelanjutan menyebabkan dampak lingkungan yang signifikan, terutama akibat penggundulan hutan untuk membuka lahan perkebunan kopi.
Permintaan global akan kopi yang terus meningkat mengakibatkan banyaknya penebangan hutan untuk membuat lahan perkebunan. Banyak hutan yang penting untuk keanekaragaman hayati ditebangi, karena tingginya permintaan kopi di seluruh dunia, terutama untuk minuman sehari-hari kita.
Climate Diet: Solusi Kurangi Emisi Produksi Pertanian
Climate diet adalah upaya untuk mengurangi emisi dan jejak karbon yang dihasilkan oleh individu melalui berbagai aktivitas sehari-hari, termasuk pola makan dan gaya hidup. Hal tersebut tidak hanya berkaitan dengan makanan, meskipun makanan memiliki peran penting dalam jejak karbon kita.
Salah satu cara efektif untuk mengurangi jejak karbon adalah dengan beralih menuju pola makan nabati, yang dapat mengurangi emisi dari produksi pertanian hingga 61 persen. Selain itu, mengembalikan lahan pertanian dan padang rumput pada keadaan alaminya akan membantu menghilangkan 98,3 miliar ton karbon dioksida dari atmosfer pada akhir abad ini, sekaligus membantu mencegah pemanasan global melebihi 1,5 derajat Celsius.
Walaupun diperlukan perubahan besar dalam produksi pertanian yang lebih ramah lingkungan, akan tetapi Sobat EBT Heroes pun memiliki pengaruh dalam hal ini dan perlu ikut andil melalui pemilihan produk pertanian yang bijak ketika membeli bahan pangan.
Untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dari makanan, penting bagi kita untuk membatasi konsumsi produk hewani, seperti daging dan keju. Sebagai gantinya, kita dapat mencari alternatif dengan mengonsumsi produk nabati, seperti kacang-kacangan, biji-bijian, dan jamur atau mengganti sumber protein yang diperlukan tubuh dengan mengonsumsi ikan.
Dengan mengurangi konsumsi daging sapi, domba, dan jenis makanan beremisi tinggi di atas, kita dapat berkontribusi secara signifikan dalam mengurangi jejak karbon, sekaligus menjaga kesehatan. Semakin tahu Indonesia tentang hal ini, semakin besar dampak positifnya bagi kehidupan kita di masa depan.
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Nur Wasilatus Sholeha
Referensi:
[1] Sapi Potong Penyumbang Utama Jejak Karbon Makanan
[2] Here are 7 foods with high carbon footprints
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