- Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar dengan sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbarui
- Keuntungan dan kerugian penggunaan biodiesel
- Biomassa limbah peternakan dapat menghasilkan sesuatu yang bermanfaat jika dikelola dengan baik
Biofuel adalah energi yang terbuat dari meteri hidup, biasanya dari tanaman. Biofuel merupakan energi terbarukan, mengurangi peran dari bahan bakar fosil dan telah mendapat perhatian dalam transisi ke otonomi rendah karbon. Adapun jenis-jenis biofuel adalah biodiesel, biogas, dan bioetanol.
Biodiesel merupakan minyak dari tumbuhan atau hewan yang sudah dipakai sebagai alternatif atau digabung dengan minyak solar untuk mobil dan armada industri dengan mesin diesel. Adapaun bahan baku yang biasanya digunakan dalam pembuatan biodiesel adalah minyak sawit mentah (Crude Palm Oil), minyak nyamplung, minyak jarak, minyak kelapa, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD).
Biodiesel adalah salah satu contoh dari bahan bakar dengan sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbarui. Bahan baku dalam pembuatan biodiesel berasal dari tumbuhan, biodiesel dapat menggantikan peran diesel atau solar yang menggunakan minyak bumi sebagai bahan dasarnya. Biodiesel dimanfaatkan untuk menggantikan peran energi fosil yang tidak dapat terbarukan dan meninggalkan banyak emisi Gas Rumah Kaca sehingga menurunkan kualitas lingkungan. Proses pembuatan biodiesel mulai dari tahap transesterifikasi, pencucian, pengeringan dan filtrasi.
Pembuatan biodiesel dilakukan oleh E. Duffy dan J. Patrick pada tahun 1853, bahkan sebelum mesin diesel pertama kali ditemukan. Empat puluh tahun kemudian, Rudolf Diesel berhasil merakit mesin diesel pertama pada tahun 1893 di Augsburg, Jerman, yang kemudian diperkenalkan di World’s Fair di Paris, Perancis. Saat itu, mesin diesel masih dioperasikan menggunakan biodiesel yang terbuat dari minyak kacang tanah. Kini, biodiesel dapat dibuat dati berbagai bahan baku, menggunakan bermacam-macam teknik, termasuk esterifikasi dan trans-esterifikasi.
Keuntungan Penggunaan Biodiesel
Keuntungan dalam penggunaan biodiesel ialah bahan bakar ini berasal dari sumber daya terbarukan yang dapat ditanam dan bisa mengurangi ketergantungan pada minyak. Selain itu, biodiesel juga dapat mengurangi emisi gas buang, termasuk jumlah jelaga dan asap knalpot.
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Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA) menyatakan bahwa biodiesel mengeluarkan karbondioksida 11 persen lebih sedikit dari pertikel dan 10 persen lebih sedikt daripada solar. Selain itu, studi yang dilakukan Deprtemen Energi dan Pertanian Amerika Serikat menemukan bahwa biodiesel dapat mengurangi emisi karbondioksida bersih sebesar 78 persen.
Kekurangan Penggunaan Biodiesel
Sedangkan kekurangan penggunaan biodiesel ini adalah mengenai kualitas dan efek jangka panjang pada kendaraan bermesin diesel. Kekurangan lainnya adalah mengenai tempat penyimpanan biodiesel oleh SPBU, karena SPBU harus memperlakukan biodiesel berbeda dibandingkan bahan bakar lainnya.
Biodiesel dibuat dengan menggunakan produk berbahan dasar nabati, makan harus disimpan pada suhu yang tepat. Jika dibiarkan terlalu lama di tangki penyimpanan yang hangat maka dapat memunculkan jamur. Sebaliknya, jika disimpan pada suhu dingin biodiesel akan mengental dan sulit dikeluarkan.
Kekurangan lainnya adalah akan ada masalah yang disebabkan pelumasan yang lebih tinggi, jika akan beralih dari sistem yang ada ke biodiesel. Pelumasan yang tinggi ini dapat membantu mencegag keausan dini pada sistem bahan bakar, ini dapat melepaskakn endapan pada dinding dan pipa tangki, sehingga menyebabkan filter bahan bakar tersumbat.
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Pemanfaatan Limbah Peternakan dalam Biodiesel
Penelitian di Institut Pertanian Bogor berhasil membuat rancangan sistem produksi mikroalga dengan memanfaatkan limbah cair agroindustri dari industri peternakan, rumah pemotongan hewan (RPH) dan industri gula yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh Prof. Suprihatin bersama rekannya Dr. Muhammad Romli dan Ir. Andes Ismayana, MT. Hasil rancangan tersebut dilengkapi dengan hasil optimasi, parameter desain atau operasi dan hasil analisis tekno ekonomi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa limbah cair Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) dan dari industri peternakan memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai substrat pertumbuhan mikroalga. Terdapat tiga jenis mikroalga yang tumbuh dominan dalam limbah tersebut yaitu Chlorella sp, Scendesmus sp, dan Ankistrodesmus sp. Chlorella sp mengandung lemak sebesar 14-22%. Lemak dari mikroalga ini yang dikonversi menjadi bahan baku biofuel.
Keunggulan mikroalga dibandingkan dengan jenis tanaman lainnya adalah
- produktivitasnya yang tinggi karena laju pertumbuhannya yang cepat hanya dalam hitungan jam atau hari
- Tidak memrlukan lahan subur sehingga tidak berkompetisi dengan tanaman pangan
- Tidak dikombinasikan untuk pengelolaan lingkungan, seperti recycling nutrien, konservasi air, dan biofiksasi karbon dioksida atau reduksi emisi gas rumah kaca
- Efisien dalam penyerapam energi surya
- Membutuhkan sedikit biaya investasi dan biaya operasi atau pemeliharaan
Nah kita jadi makin tahu Indonesia dan juga potensi yang ada melalui energi terbarukan biodiesel. Keuntungan biodiesel dengan memanfaatkan limbah peternakan antara lain produksi biogas pada pra-perlakuan limbah cair, pupuk organik dari digester anaerobik, hasil samping berupa bahan pakan atau produk bernilai tinggi lainnya, penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca, pengolahan limbah cair, recycling nutrien, recycling air, serta pencegahan eutrofikasi di badan air penerima.
#zonaebt #sebarterbarukan #ebtheroes
Editor: Gabriel Angeline Farenita Kusuma Putri
Reference:
[1] IPB Kembangkan Biodiesel dari Limbah Agroindustri dan Peternakan
[2] Apa Itu Bioetanol, Biodiesel, dan Biogas?
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