- Adanya kriteria angin yang digunakan untuk pembangunan PLTB di Indonesia.
- Sejarah singkat mengenai pemanfaatan tenaga angin.
- Komponen utama serta cara kerja PLTB.
Angin yang berasal dari perbedaan tekanan udara yang disebabkan oleh pemanasan dari radiasi sinar matahari terhadap kawasan daratan ataupun lautan. Oleh karena itu, untuk memanfaatkan tenaga angin dengan adanya pembangunan PLTB atau Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu. PLTB ini ialah pembangkit listrik yang berawal dari tenaga kinetik dan terkonverensi menjadi energi listrik yang memiliki berbagai komponen utama.
Angin di Indonesia sangat melimpah karena kawasan Indonesia didominasi oleh lautan. Maka, digunakanlah tenaga angin ini untuk keperluan energi terbarukan dengan dibangunkanlah PLTB ini.
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Namun, apakah ada kriteria angin untuk pembangunan PLTB di Indonesia? Pastinya ada. Hal ini karena kriteria tersebut menentukan jumlah besar kecilnya daya listrik yang keluar. Kriteria pertama ialah intermiten, diharapkan angin selalu ada walaupun tidak kontinu karena diperlukan adanya studi ketersediaan angin.
Kriteria kedua ialah kecepatan angin. Kecepatan angin di setiap daerah itu berbeda beda dan bervariasi, biasanya angin yang berada di kawasan dataran tinggi atau pantai memilliki kecepatan angin yang tinggi dibanding dengan di kawasan dataran rendah.
Kriteria ketiga adalah densitas angin yang merupakan energi angin yang tersedia pada aliran angin melalui penampang permukaan dalam keadaan tegak lurus dalam satu waktu. Tujuan densitas ialah suatu indeks guna mengevaluasi kelayakan sumber tenaga angin.
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Pemanfaatan energi angin sudah dilakukan sejak ribuan tahun lalu yang dibuktikan dengan adanya teknologi kincir angin tradisional yang digunakan untuk penggilingan padi yang dijumpai di Belanda.
Namun, pemanfaatan energi angin untuk pembangkit listrik ini masih tergolong baru dan awal percobaan di tahun 1887 di Glasgow, Skotlandia. Dan pada 2018, Indonesia turut bangga karena didirikannya PLTB pertama di Kabupaten Sidrap, Sulawesi Tengah, maka dari itu dikenal sebagai PLTB Sidrap.
Pembangkit listrik awalnya dibangun pertama kali oleh P. La Cour di abad ke-19 yang berasal dari Denmark, tepat setelah selesainya perang dunia yang pertama. Desain awalnya berbentuk penampang melintang yang menyerupai sudut baling baling yang ada pada pesawat, sekarang ini dikenal sebagai turbin.
Apa saja sih komponen utama dalam PLTB? Komponen utama pada PLTB di antaranya meliputi sebagai berikut. Pertama, baling-baling yang berfungsi untuk menangkap angin dan mengubah menjadi tenaga rotasi poros. Kedua, gearbo yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kecepatan poros. Ketiga, break system yang berfungsi untuk menjaga putaran poros agar bekerja secara aman dalam kecepatan yang cepat.
Keempat, generator yaitu sebagai penghasil energi listrik. Kelima, baterai yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan energi listrik yang sudah dihasilkan sehingga ketika kecepatan angin menurun, energi angin tetap bisa disuplai dengan adanya baterai. Terakhir, yaw control yang memiliki fungsi untuk menyesuaikan posisi turbin dengan sesuai perubahan arah angin dan hanya untuk berkapasitas besar. Untuk tubin berkapasitas rendah dapat menggunakan tail fine.
Cara kerja pembangkit listrik tenaga angin berawal dari hembusan angin yang akan memutar bilah dan poros turbin, selanjutnya putaran tersebut menggerakan generator untuk menghasilkan energi listrik. Pemasangan generator menggunakan bahan ferromagnetik permanen, yang disekelilingnya berbentuk kumparan kawat yang disebut stator. Saat stator ini mengalami perputaran akan terjadinya perubahaan fluks, yang dapat terjad akibat tegangan dan arus tertentu.
Editor: Riana Nurhasanah
Referensi:
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin: Pengertian, Komponen Dan Cara Kerjanya
Mengenal Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) dan Mekanisme Kegagalan pada Turbin Angin
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin / Bayu (PLTB) – Cara Kerja, Komponen Utama & Tipe Turbin
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